Under the prosperity, merchants are facing generally intensified operating pressure, the overall price system has been moving downwards, and the dine-in ecosystem has been severely impacted.
Faced with the strong rise of China's big models, the response of Silicon Valley in the United States is becoming increasingly fragmented.
Just a few days ago, the CEO of Anthropic, who has an anti-Huawei label, once again attacked Chinese models. Not only did he say that many Chinese open source model companies "distilled" Claude's data were suspected of plagiarism, he also belittled the fact that Chinese models achieved ranking scores by "fixing questions in response to benchmark tests."
But on the evening of March 2, when Alibaba launched four small-size models in its Qianwen Kaixin 3.5 series, Musk immediately left a hot comment on social media: "Impressive intelligence density."
On the surface, it seems to be a casual thumbs up from a technology geek, but in the eyes of industry insiders, Musk's reply to the term "intelligent density" is like a sharp knife, accurately piercing the "high performance, high premium" moat that American AI giants such as Anthropic have worked hard to manage.
From heap parameters to heap density
"Smart density" is a core concept that Musk has repeatedly advocated in the past year. It is a key indicator to measure the efficiency of large models.
Not only has he repeatedly stated that "the potential of AI intelligence density has been underestimated by two orders of magnitude," he has also publicly praised his Grok 5 for its 6 trillion parameters and higher intelligence density per GB.
Now he has given his most cherished concept to his competitors, which means that compared to traditional business exchanges, Musk sincerely agrees with this Chinese model.
On the same night, the AI entrepreneur on the other side of the Pacific who knew best about "settling accounts" gave the exact same answer.
MiniMax founder Yan Junjie also mentioned this keyword in his first financial report call after listing. He summarized the company's core strategy as "continuous improvement of smart density, coupled with Token's throughput capacity." He said: "What ultimately determines victory or defeat is not simply burning money and resources, but the speed of advancement in intelligent capabilities."
Two things collided on the same day and pointed to the same word. If you extend the timeline further, you will find that this is not a coincidence, but an industry consensus that is taking shape.
The main theme of the AI industry in the past three years has been an arms race: fighting for parameters, fighting for GPUs, and burning money. One trillion parameters are the threshold, one hundred thousand cards are the standard, and whoever has the larger number is the king. But the returns on this path are diminishing - if the model parameters are increased tenfold, the performance may only be improved by 20%, but the cost will increase more than tenfold.
Under the hustle and bustle, a "hidden thread" has already surfaced.
In November 2025, the research of the team of Professor Liu Zhiyuan of Tsinghua University appeared on the cover of "Nature Machine Intelligence" and formally proposed the "Densing Law" of large models. Based on rigorous backtesting of 51 mainstream large models, the paper reveals a surprising pattern: from 2023 to 2025, the intelligence density of large models will double every 3.5 months.
This means that every hundred days, humans can achieve the performance of the current optimal model with half the number of parameters.
Professor Liu Zhiyuan explained this matter very thoroughly: "The law of scale and the law of density are like the bright and dark lines of the evolution of large models. The same is true for the previous information revolution. The bright line is that devices are getting smaller and smaller, mainframe → minicomputer → personal computer → mobile phone; the dark line is the efficient evolution of the chip industry, which is Moore's Law."
IBM chief research scientist Kaoutar El Maghraoui's judgment is more straightforward: "2026 will be the year of the battle between cutting-edge models and efficient models." The industry is tired of the diminishing returns of simply stacking scale and is looking for new solutions.
So what we are seeing now is not just a few people saying the same word by chance. From academia to industry to competitors, a new consensus is converging: the weights and measures of the AI competition have changed. From comparing who is "bigger" to comparing who is "closer".
Small models can also be practical
But not everyone buys it.
Just a few days ago, Anthropic CEO Amodei publicly sang the opposite tune, saying that the Chinese model was optimized for benchmark testing far more than for real-world use.
Translation: The Chinese model is created by brushing the questions and does not count.
This statement has its own context, and it also exposes the deep anxiety of the leading American manufacturers. Every time a Chinese model proves that a small model can be used, the high-premium pricing model that Anthropic and OpenAI rely on to survive is in danger of collapse - if 9B's model can do the work of a model with ten times the number of parameters, the API profit pool carefully constructed by the giants will be drained instantly.
Then, Musk turned around and gave Qianwen a thumbs up.
There is a subtle game here: Musk is at loggerheads with OpenAI and Anthropic. To praise the Chinese model, to some extent, you are also knocking down your American counterparts - the rivals you say are not worth mentioning are challenging your pricing power in the way you fear most.
Of course, arguments are arguments, and the numbers given by the density law are cold: According to the statistics of the paper, the API call price of the GPT-3.5 model has dropped 266.7 times in just 20 months. This is not someone’s opinion, this is the law of technological deflation.
The debate can go on. The curve waits for no one.
The small model of Qianwen 3.5 is the latest data point on this density curve - and the one that most people dare not ignore.
Let me start with the most intuitive fact: a capability that required an entire server cluster a year ago is now installed on a mobile phone.
The performance of Qianwen 3.5 with 9B parameters is comparable to or even better than that of models with ten times the number of parameters on multiple benchmarks: GPQA Diamond score is 81.7, command following is 91.5, and visual understanding is significantly ahead of GPT-5-Nano of the same level on MMMU-Pro with 70.1 vs 57.2. The most exaggerated thing is that the 0.8B model with less than 1 billion parameters can process an ultra-long context of 260,000 tokens in one breath - equivalent to the size of two or three novels, running on an ordinary mobile phone instead of a hot server room.
The Qianwen team released 9 models in a row within 16 days, all Apache 2.0 models are completely open source, and each model is the king in its own parameter level. This is not a victory for one product, but "living evidence" of an entire density curve.
Professor Liu Zhiyuan has long foreseen this trend. He once asserted: “As long as some kind of intelligence can be achieved, it will definitely be able to run on smaller terminals in the future.”
Qianwen 3.5 is verifying this sentence.
When the 9B model can run ten times the performance of the number of parameters, the threshold for AI deployment has dropped from "a large company with a server cluster" to "an individual developer with a consumer-grade graphics card." When a company with a few hundred people can create a model that can compete with giants with thousands of people, the threshold for startups to enter has changed from "financing a billion dollars first" to "finding 300 smart people first."
MiniMax is a footnote to the latter story. There are 385 people in the company, with an average age of 29. According to Yan Junjie's disclosure during the conference call, the company has spent only US$500 million since its establishment. Compared with OpenAI's thousands of employees and tens of billions of financing, it has delivered a revenue growth of 159% and a gross profit growth of 437%. Intelligent density is not only a physical concept of model parameters, but also an extremely powerful organizational lever.
Don’t underestimate the ocean of personal devices. In the early days of the information revolution, someone predicted that "the world only needs a few large computers." But today, there are more than 7 billion mobile phones in the world. Liu Zhiyuan once calculated an account: As early as 2023, the total end-side computing power scattered on tens of millions of devices across the country is already 12 times that of data centers.
The ultimate outcome of intelligence is destined to be distributed.
This is why "intelligent density" is more important than any single running score. What it points to is not "whose model is stronger today", but "in what form and at what low cost will AI eventually come to every ordinary person".
Back to Musk’s “Impressive intelligence density”. Rather than praising a certain launch by a Chinese company, he is confirming a turning point that is taking place:
The second half of AI does not belong to the largest models, but to the most intensive wisdom.
Since it kicked off in April 2025, a high-intensity and long-term "subsidy war" led by food delivery platforms has swept across the country and has lasted for nearly a year. The real impact of this competition in the form of traffic and orders is becoming increasingly clear: under the prosperity, there is generally intensified operating pressure on merchants, an overall downward price system, and a severely impacted dine-in ecosystem.
Recently, Lixin Consulting released a research report "From Traffic Carnival to Profit Decline: The Real Situation of Catering Merchants in the "Subsidy War"" (hereinafter referred to as the "Report"). Through questionnaire surveys and interviews with 2,298 catering merchants in 31 provincial-level administrative regions across the country, the report reveals the plight of catering merchants amid the takeout subsidy war.
Questionnaire data shows that since the subsidy war, catering merchants have generally been under dual pressure on revenue and profits. Nearly 70% of merchants' turnover has declined compared with 2024, with a drop of more than 20% as high as 48%. Even more severe is the profit indicator: nearly 80% of merchants have experienced a decline in net profit, of which 35% have experienced a decline of more than 30%.
It is worth noting that businesses that focus on dine-in services have been more significantly impacted. Among the merchant groups whose net profits fell by more than 30%, dine-in merchants accounted for 53%, which is much higher than their proportion of 23% in the overall sample. This shows that the shock wave of what appears to be a subsidy war targeting online traffic is violently hitting the fundamentals of offline physical operations.
The decline in unit price per customer is regarded by merchants as the core factor eroding profits. More than 70% of merchants attribute the decline in profits to this, and its impact far exceeds factors such as rising raw materials (10%), reduced customer flow (9%), labor and rent costs (3% each).
Specifically, 74% of merchants experienced a decrease in unit price per customer, of which 53% experienced a decrease of more than 10%, while only 5% of merchants experienced an increase in unit price per customer. This trend closely echoes the "low-price consumption" habit formed by consumers. The report pointed out that once low-price consumption habits are solidified by platform subsidies, it will become extremely difficult for prices to rise, and merchants will fall into the long-term dilemma of "it is easy to reduce prices but difficult to increase prices."
The most direct and violent effect of the subsidy war is reflected in its impact on the traditional dine-in business. The report shows that 65% of merchants' dine-in sales fell year-on-year, with nearly half of them falling by more than 20%, and another 19% of merchants falling by less than 20%. The total number of merchants whose dine-in sales increased was only 6%.
Under the platform subsidy mechanism, takeout prices are generally lower than dine-in prices, which not only makes consumers more inclined to choose takeout, but also gives rise to the strange phenomenon of "ordering takeout at the store". The linkage effect between online and offline is accelerating to reshape or even subvert the original catering consumption structure.
This research report simultaneously interviewed some merchants. A Hunan restaurant in Hunan pointed out that customers have become accustomed to low takeout prices, and the unit price for dine-in customers has been severely reduced; a pizza shop in Hubei calculated a cost account - dine-in restaurants bear rent, water, electricity, and labor, but platform subsidies flow to takeout, forcing the same price is equivalent to directly cutting off profits; Cantonese restaurants in Shanghai lamented that they had to participate in involution due to price wars, and their living space continued to be squeezed.
Faced with continued operating pressure, merchants have proactively adjusted their cost structures in order to survive: 39% of merchants have begun to switch to cheaper raw material suppliers, 30% of merchants have strengthened bargaining games with existing suppliers, and 20% of merchants have chosen to increase the proportion of low-cost dishes.
This means that the downward pressure on prices caused by the subsidy war is continuing to be transmitted from catering merchants to the food supply chain. According to a survey by the China Internet of Things Food Committee, in the third quarter of 2025, the prices of most categories in the national food market were under pressure, with the overall transaction prices of aquatic products and meat falling by about 5 to 6 percentage points.
It is worth mentioning that the pressure sweeping the industry is not unique to small and medium-sized merchants. It is also difficult for leading chain brands to stay away. Luckin Coffee’s recently released 2025 financial report provides strong evidence for the report’s conclusions.
Financial report data shows that in the second quarter of 2025, the takeout war officially started, and Luckin Coffee's order volume and revenue scale increased. However, in the fourth quarter, as platform subsidies decreased, Luckin Coffee's revenue growth dropped to 32.9%, which was far lower than the growth rate of more than 50% in the second and third quarters, and was the lowest level in the past three years. What’s more serious is that Luckin Coffee’s net profit in the fourth quarter dropped to 518 million yuan, a decrease of 39% from the same period last year, and its net profit margin also dropped to 4.1%.
The takeout war has turned a large number of dine-in orders into takeout orders, changing Luckin Coffee's cup size structure (the proportion of takeout and self-pickup orders), causing the company's cost structure to face challenges. At the performance meeting, Luckin made it clear that it would optimize the takeout channel structure and reduce reliance on third-party takeout platforms to improve profits.
However, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of regulatory authorities and industry associations. According to media reports, before the Spring Festival, municipal supervisory departments in many places across the country issued compliance guidelines for Spring Festival food delivery, warning relevant food delivery platforms to compete rationally.
In addition, industry associations in Shaanxi, Gansu and other places also issued documents before the Spring Festival, saying that vicious price wars have damaged the independent pricing rights of small and medium-sized merchants and weakened their bargaining power, squeezing the profit margins of the offline real economy and affecting the overall employment ecology and local economic stability.
The report by Lixin Consulting finally pointed out that when competition remains at the price level for a long time, what will eventually be weakened is the sustainable development ability of the entire industry. For the long-term prosperity of the industry, it must return to the track of healthy competition in products, services and innovation.
Article Observer Network Liu Bai
The U.S. military launched a brazen air strike on Iran and killed Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. The global geopolitical landscape has suddenly changed. What impact will it have on China-U.S. relations?
The Nikkei Shimbun published an article on March 2 stating that U.S. President Trump’s recent tough actions on Iran, Venezuela and other matters involving China’s interests may be intended to deter China by showing off military strength. However, analysts worry that this will not only prompt China to accelerate its ability to counterbalance the United States, but will also weaken the prospects for stable Sino-U.S. relations and intensify China's distrust of the United States.
On March 2, local time, U.S. President Trump delivered a speech at the White House on the attack on Iran.
As for some people who believe that the United States' actions against Iran have harmed China's interests, a British scholar pointed out that China has a "long-term calculation" on the Iran issue, and this statement "needs to be viewed rationally."
This article noted that the United States and Israel launched air strikes against Iran at a time when Trump is expected to visit China in four weeks, and the action took place during the negotiations between the United States and Iran. Some Chinese media commented, "The negotiations are not so much a sincere search for a peaceful solution to the dispute, but a tactical pause for the resumption of military strikes."
Pei Minxin, a professor at Claremont McKenna College in California, said that this assessment "may well reflect an increasingly popular view among Chinese elites and the public that the United States cannot be trusted." He is worried that this will also have an impact on Trump's expected visit to China.
In response to Trump's planned visit to China, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning reiterated on March 2 that China and the United States are maintaining communication on the interaction between the two heads of state. I currently have no information to provide.
Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning hosts a regular press conference
Mao Ning also emphasized that the attack and killing of Iran's supreme leader seriously violated Iran's sovereignty and security, trampled on the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter and the basic norms of international relations, and China firmly opposed and strongly condemned this.
The article mentioned that since the Busan meeting between the heads of state of China and the United States in October last year, the United States has not only taken action against Iran, an important oil supplier to China, but also kidnapped President Maduro of Venezuela, which is also an oil-producing country friendly to China. Under Trump's intimidation, Panama illegally revoked Hong Kong's CK Hutchison's port operating rights, triggering strong dissatisfaction in China.
"Trump may think he is showing off military power to deter Beijing," said Danny Russell, a researcher at the Asia Society Policy Institute. "But his actions in Venezuela and Iran are more likely to prompt Beijing to strengthen its countervailing capabilities and accelerate its alignment with Russia. Overall, this attack weakens the prospects for stability or progress in Sino-U.S. relations."
Some people also feel that Iran's actions break the previous view that Trump will visit China in a "weak state." The U.S. Supreme Court previously rejected Trump's "reciprocal tariffs." The New York Times reported last week, citing sources, that the Trump administration had postponed a $13 billion arms sale to Taiwan out of concern for China.
Zineb Ribois, a researcher at the Hudson Institute, said that the air strike on Iran broke the common perception that President Trump has been weakened. In the long run, this move can free up U.S. resources and thus affect the game pattern across the Taiwan Strait.
She wrote in an analysis article: "For every year Washington spends dealing with Tehran, Beijing will gain one more year to deploy in the Pacific. The direction of the Middle East will determine whether the United States can win the decisive game of this century - mainland China's actions against Taiwan."
In addition, Ribois said that the postponement of arms sales to Taiwan suddenly has a different interpretation.
He said that by shelving the arms sales before the air strikes, it looked like Trump was making concessions to China after China warned not to sell arms to Taiwan in early February. Now, this incident can be reinterpreted as: the United States made active concessions based on its strength advantage. This is a 'gift' that Trump chose to send, rather than the result of China's coercion.
Agatha Kratz, a partner at the consulting firm Ruizhid, speculated that although the goal of the US action is vague, it objectively "cut off China's partner network" and Washington will also avoid triggering new crises during military operations in the Middle East.
Affected by the situation in the Middle East, international oil prices jumped sharply on March 2, with the benchmark price of Brent crude oil rising by more than 13%.
Gong Jiong, a professor at the Department of Economics at the University of International Business and Economics, said that once the Strait of Hormuz is blocked, it will inevitably have an impact on China, but China's large imports of oil from Russia can provide a certain buffer. He also believes that real regime change is unlikely to occur in Iran.
Ahmed Abdul, an associate researcher at the Middle East and North Africa Program at Chatham House in the UK, believes that China has a "long-term calculation" on the Iran issue. Although a series of actions by the United States have quickly impacted China's interests, this statement "needs to be viewed rationally."
He told Nikkei Asia that countries in the "Global South" do not regard China as a substitute for the United States and do not expect China to confront the United States militarily. However, the Trump administration "may suffer huge losses because it is shaping the use of force and disregard of international law into the new normal of international politics."
Abdul said that the war and the attack on Iran's supreme leader may "make Iran tough on the United States and Israel for generations" and "make it easier for Iran to rely on China."
fnf silly billy module is a very exciting music level-breaking game, where players can enjoy the fun brought by music. There will be a large number of music tracks and level-breaking modes to bring you a new experience, and players can unlock different content every time they play. Interested players can come to this site to start a new music journey.
fnf silly billy module introduction
The fnf silly billy module is a new module of Friday Night Funk's music level-breaking game. Players need to click on the corresponding position according to the dropped notes to complete the level. Each level has different enemies. Click on the correct note to get points. At the end, the score is higher than the opponent's, which means victory. This module adds a large number of new levels, and completely transplants the HitSingle-Silly Billy (The Fool) track. The music of this module is very nice. Players need to control the character to flexibly challenge and start a magical rhythmic journey through the levels.
fnf silly billy module highlights
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fnf silly billy module features
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This time, BF has been replaced by Blackie, and there are many music levels that can be experienced. He is also called the King of Insiders by players. In this game, you can experience different interesting gameplay every day. Players who like the FNFSilly Billy module, come and download it to experience it!
The recent blockbuster news that XUC has been launched in the OKEX fiat currency trading area has really become popular in the currency circle, which brings convenience to investors to quickly trade XUC! At the same time, this good news has also contributed to the market trend of XUC! The XUC index of OKEX-fiat currency trading area-point-to-point trading soared by 187% in 24 hours.
Before logging into the legal currency trading area, the XUC/BTC currency transaction fell at 0.000539 BTC, which was a good news for XUC. It peaked at 0.00078669 BTC, an increase of 45%. Currently, the total 24-hour trading volume of XUC on OKEX currency trading pairs XUC/BTC, XUC/ETH, and XUC/USDT reaches a maximum of 200,000 XUC. As of press time, it was around 140,000 XUC, and the price had stabilized to 0.00074486 BTC, an increase of 37% in 24 hours!
The rising trend of XUC has attracted much attention. Many people are curious. According to the convention, the legal currency trading area of OKEX platform provides mainstream currencies (BTC/LTC/ETH/ETC/BCH/USDT). So who is XUC who was selected as a "new member" of the legal currency trading area? Maybe we can know from the following introduction.
XUC is a token issued by the Exchange Alliance. It has opened currency trading functions on world-renowned exchanges such as HitBTC/OKEX/CEX. The popularity of XUC is mainly due to the exchange alliance project behind it. The Exchange Alliance is the world's first decentralized trading network that does not require credit endorsement. The project itself was born to break through the difficulties in the application of blockchain technology.
Vision and Mission of the Exchange Alliance
Born in 2017, the Exchange Alliance aims to enable users to trade between different exchanges/different digital assets through seamless connections between digital assets, and to solve the current situation of separation between exchanges and users caused by differences in region, legal currency, language, etc. The exchange alliance builds a decentralized exchange trading network that does not require credit endorsement to connect digital asset exchanges around the world and achieve a win-win situation for exchanges, users, and exchange alliances.
Exchange Alliance Technology Model
The exchange alliance opens up and connects digital asset exchanges and proposes the value proposition of a decentralized trading network. The biggest difference between the exchange alliance and Ripple is that the exchange alliance does not require both parties to trust each other when value exchange occurs. This allows any exchange to join the alliance. The exchange alliance does not even require an intermediary such as Ripple to realize value transmission (this method has been proven to be ineffective in practice).
Through the decentralized exchange solution, the exchange alliance can robustly avoid the damage caused by single points of failure, reduce the possibility of many malicious attacks, and at the same time avoid the risks caused by geopolitics. Unlike existing "on-chain" decentralized exchange solutions (such as 0x, ethdelta and altcoin.io), transactions that occur on the exchange alliance are instant, which solves the biggest pain point of all current decentralized trading technology solutions. Current decentralized transactions are not only expensive but also slow (for example, each Bitcoin transaction requires a $5 handling fee and transfer confirmation times are up to 1 hour). Such technology cannot be applied on a large scale. In addition, the exchange alliance supports cross-chain transactions, which means that transactions not only occur on a separate blockchain (the above-mentioned 0x and etherdelta only support digital currency transactions on the Ethereum blockchain).
The core technologies used by the exchange alliance include payment channels, atomic swaps and order book integration. Payment channels are a mechanism introduced by the Lightning Network for instant, off-chain digital asset transactions. In fact, the mutual conversion of two digital assets is achieved through "atomic swaps", which occur directly in the payment channel. In the exchange consortium, payment channels use slightly modified HTLCs. To put it simply, taking the BTC/LTC transaction as an example, real Bitcoin flows from exchange A to exchange B in the Bitcoin payment channel, while real Litecoin flows from exchange B to exchange A in the Litecoin payment channel. HTLCs guarantee the atomicity of asset swaps: either all succeed or the transaction fails. The exchange alliance collects order information through the corresponding payment channels (for example, BTC/LTC transaction orders will only be broadcast in the BTC and LTC payment channels). This method ensures the efficiency and decentralization of the system. The order book should be shared with all alliance members in the network with minimal latency. Each node in the exchange alliance will continuously monitor the trading order books of different digital assets.
To sum up, the exchange alliance will strive to solve the pain points in the development of the blockchain industry through technological innovation. It is not surprising that XUC was selected into the OKEX legal currency trading area! What is more worth mentioning is that XUC has a clear and long-term plan for value discovery: functionally, XUC will serve as a reward mechanism. Rewards are provided to developers of the exchange alliance open source community, service nodes of the exchange alliance network, traders, and exchanges that join the alliance; in terms of value, the current circulation of XUC is 65 million, most of which have a 10-year lock-up period, and most will be destroyed in the future, so XUC is scarce and deflationary.
January is cold and windy, and the currency market is also experiencing ups and downs. Some people cry and some laugh, but the industry continues, and excellent projects and tokens are also emerging. How to find a currency worth sticking to in the hustle and bustle? Users need not only luck, but also wisdom. The essence of investment is to invest in the future, and XUC represents the future era of exchange interconnection. The future is here, are you ready?
On March 2, local time, the 2026 World Mobile Communications Conference (MWC26) kicked off in Barcelona.
The Huawei booth was still crowded with people. Walking into Huawei's operator business exhibition area, you will find that many people are talking about a technology "U6GHz", which is also one of the key words of Huawei's participation in this exhibition. Before the launch, Huawei released a series of U6GHz full-scenario products and solutions, covering a complete matrix of macro stations, small stations, and microwaves.
What is U6GHz and why is it called the "golden frequency band"? Why do communication equipment giants such as Huawei focus on this technology in 2026? Why is U6GHz the key to unlocking the potential of 5G-A networks, and can it also support smooth evolution towards 6G?
Source: Observer.com
To understand these, we have to start with the current development status of communication technology. In 2025, 6G was included in the Chinese government work report for the first time, and our country has also launched the second phase of 6G technology experiments. However, the 6G standard is not expected to be frozen until 2029, and official commercial use may not be until 2030.
Before the official arrival of 6G, 5G-A, known as "5.5G" in the industry, was the mainstream commercial technology for global operators. Especially with the explosive growth of AI applications and terminals, the mobile industry is facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. AI multi-modal interaction has increased uplink demand by 3-5 times. Real-time decision-making relies on low latency and deterministic guarantees. Ubiquitous agents require more secure and reliable wide-area connections. This makes 5G-A the focus of business innovation and future technology evolution.
At MWC26, Huawei ICT BG CEO Yang Chaobin said that the next five years will be a key window for the explosion of mobile AI business, and it will also be a period of opportunity for the entire industry to create new value. 5G-A has become an inevitable choice. It brings a tenfold increase in uplink and downlink speeds to meet the AI business experience; it also introduces new IoT technologies such as RedCap and Passive-IoT to support the Internet of Everything; at the same time, AI technology has also been introduced into the network to provide diversified network capabilities for businesses to meet the needs brought about by the rapid development of AI.
As of January 2026, 374 operators around the world have completed 5G network deployment. On the basis of wide-area coverage, the commercial implementation of 5G-A technology is accelerating. The current number of global 5G-A users has exceeded the 70 million mark. Currently, in the Chinese market alone, there are more than 135 mobile phone terminal models supporting 5G-A technology, and the cumulative shipment volume has exceeded 170 million units.
Compared with 5G commercialized in 2019, 5G-A has four key features: downlink 10Gbps (10Gbps), uplink gigabit (1Gbps), 100 billion connections, and endogenous intelligence. But if you want to unlock the full potential of 5G-A and allow traffic to run at full speed on this highway, you must widen the "lane", that is, the spectrum.
Yang Chaobin said that 5G-A has achieved large-scale commercial use in more than 300 cities around the world, and its deployment is expanding to all frequency bands, continuing to release technological dividends. The continuous improvement of 5G-A capabilities relies on the introduction of new spectrum and the re-farming of existing spectrum.
This is connected with what Huawei calls "U6G", which is a new spectrum resource.
The full name of U6G is Upper 6GHz, also known as U6GHz. It refers to the upper half of the 6GHz frequency band. The specific frequency range is 6425-7125 MHz, spanning a continuous 700MHz bandwidth. It is also the last 700MHz continuous bandwidth resource in the Sub-6GHz mid-frequency band.
There are many spectrums, high frequency bands have wide bandwidth but poor coverage, and low frequency bands have good coverage but narrow bandwidth.
The reason why U6GHz is called the "golden frequency band" is because it has the dual advantages of wide coverage and large capacity, and has become a key frequency band for 5G-A evolution and commercial use. Not only that, U6GHz, as the n104 frequency band of 5G-A, is also a core candidate frequency band for 6G. It can achieve intergenerational reuse and is the key to operator stock investment protection and smooth connection to 6G.
In other words, U6GHz will unleash the potential of 5G-A, and is also making a forward-looking layout for 6G to protect operators' long-term investments. But the development process of this golden frequency band has not been smooth sailing.
Source: Observer.com
As early as 2022, the world had launched a fierce "spectrum war" around the 6GHz frequency band.
At that time, some countries represented by the United States tended to reserve the entire 6GHz frequency band for Wi-Fi, while Europe, China, the Middle East and other regions advocated using the first half (U6GHz) for 5G and even future 6G cellular mobile communications. In the end, the World Radio Conference (WRC-23) decided to allocate U6GHz for authorized mobile services, clarifying the IMT (International Mobile Communications) positioning of U6GHz under the framework of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). This is like applying for a property rights certificate for this "golden land", making it clear that it can be used to build public mobile networks.
Although the United States still reserves the entire 6GHz frequency band for Wi-Fi and other unlicensed services, more than 20 countries, including China, the United Arab Emirates, Brazil and many European countries, plan to use the U6G frequency band for IMT (International Mobile Communications). Among them, the United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong, China have released U6G spectrum, and the U6G ecosystem is accelerating.
However, U6GHz must not only meet the requirements of the rapid development of current AI services, but also meet the higher performance requirements of future 6G services, and also faces a number of technical challenges.
One is the coverage problem. The higher the frequency, the greater the loss. The propagation loss of U6GHz is more than 12dB worse than that of C-Band. If the coverage radius cannot be aligned with existing 5G site sites, operators will need to build sites more densely, and costs will be uncontrollable. The 256T U6GHz AAU exhibited by Huawei this time has achieved double breakthroughs in coverage and experience with its industry-leading 1,500+ antenna arrays: the peak rate of a single user has entered the 10G era, and the entire network capacity can support a total traffic of 100,000 Gigabit in a single cell, and can easily cope with the explosion of large-bandwidth services such as AR/VR and 4K live broadcast.
Second, larger bandwidth and more channels will inevitably lead to a surge in equipment power consumption and weight. If a base station equipment weighs more than 100 kilograms, and the wind resistance is huge, the existing sky surface cannot bear it at all, and the tower can only be rebuilt. Huawei's response strategy is to innovate from the underlying materials, using advanced heat dissipation technologies such as three-dimensional radiator cooling and diamond substrates, combined with the "0bit 0Watt" intelligent shutdown algorithm, to strive to soar in performance while controlling energy consumption and volume within an acceptable range.
At present, the verification of U6GHz by global operators is in full bloom. Through joint innovation with strategic partners such as Huawei, e&UAE has successfully completed live network testing in the U6GHz band, achieving the ultimate 10Gbps experience. In Europe, Vodafone completed Europe's first large-scale U6GHz spectrum test. In Central Asia, Uztelecom of Uzbekistan teamed up with Huawei to innovate U6GHz spectrum technology and demonstrated the latest U6GHz verification results at ICT Week 2025, which can achieve transmission rates of up to 10 Gbps. In Latin America, Brazil's TIM teamed up with Huawei to complete U6GHz technology verification in the Americas. In China, China Mobile has also completed U6GHz innovative testing and verification in Zhejiang, and successfully achieved a stable experience with four-carrier aggregation downlink peak rates exceeding 10Gbps with its industry-leading U6GHz solution.
At the industry chain level, U6GHz CPE terminals have been officially launched, and markets such as the United Arab Emirates have successfully completed end-to-end testing and verification and begun commercial deployment. Mainstream CPE and mobile phones are expected to be commercially launched in 2026. This series of verification results proves that the U6GHz spectrum is a key strategic spectrum for the development of 5G-A technology, paving the way for future technology evolution.
As a core promoter of U6GHz industry development, Huawei has also clarified its long-term technology roadmap this time. In 2026, Huawei will release a 5G-A full-scenario solution including U6GHz, and plans to fully support operators in completing U6GHz large-scale network deployment in 2028.
In 2026, global spectrum allocation has entered a critical window period. U6GHz has become the consensus in the development of 5G-A communications with its perfect balance between coverage and capacity. Global operators are working together to transform U6GHz from vision to reality. By then, you may be at a concert with thousands of people, performing real-time holographic interactions through AR glasses, or driving a smart car on the road. Perhaps what supports all these experiences is the "golden band" technology we are talking about today.
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