Review Of Eric McLuhan's Media Environment Studies
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Newsflash
Why Did Ouyang Xiadan Disappear? The Reason Behind This Is Actually To Take Care Of His Seriously Ill Mother
Please use your golden finger to get rich, like and go around, you will become rich forever, follow it and like it, it is difficult even if you don’t want to become rich
CCTV's first sister Ouyang Xiadan suddenly disappeared from the screen, and netizens were furious!
Some said she was hidden, others speculated she was in trouble.
All kinds of speculations are flying all over the place.
However, the truth surprised everyone: it turned out that this excellent host had been "hiding" for 28 years!
Her disappearance was not because of any shocking incident, but to protect the most important person in her life - her mother.
This story is definitely the most touching "hidden" word secret of the year!
The truth comes out. Ouyang Xiadan's "disappearance" this time is not earth-shattering news.
It turned out that her mother's condition had worsened again, and this CCTV girl chose to go home to take care of her without saying a word.
This move simply staged a "drama of filial piety" in today's society!
Speaking of which, Ouyang Xiadan's filial piety is not something that happens in a day or two.
Looking back on 28 years ago, when she was 16 years old, she experienced the "first lesson" of life.
At that time, her father was suddenly diagnosed with cancer, and the bad news hit the whole family like a bolt from the blue.
Little Ouyang suddenly changed from a carefree little princess to the "backbone" of the family.
Imagine that a little girl who has just entered high school suddenly has to shoulder such a big burden. Anyone else would be confused, right?
But Ouyang Xiadan was not an ordinary person, she gritted her teeth and endured it.
In order to reduce her mother's burden, she began to live frugally and save all her pocket money to supplement the family's income.
After school, I have to rush to the hospital to take care of my father. This operation is simply "student + filial daughter" two in one!
To be honest, if I encountered this situation, I would probably collapse.
But Ouyang Xiadan became more and more courageous as if he had been given a shot of chicken blood.
With this sense of responsibility and maturity, it is no exaggeration to say that she is "someone else's child".
Now history is repeating itself. Faced with his mother's illness, Ouyang Xiadan once again chose family without hesitation.
Some people may say: "Isn't it just taking care of your parents? What's the big deal?"
But brothers and sisters, think about it, Ouyang Xiadan is a pillar of CCTV!
Her every move touches the hearts of countless viewers.
At the peak of her career, she chose to "disappear". This courage and determination are really awe-inspiring.
To be honest, if it were me, I would be too troubled to sleep.
Ouyang Xiadan used practical actions to explain what "a child wants to support but cannot be cared for".
Her choice may puzzle some people, but more people will be moved by it.
In this era when the word "filial piety" is getting less and less popular, Ouyang Xiadan's behavior is undoubtedly a loud slap in the face and wakes up many people.
I have to say that this CCTV first lady is not only great at hosting, but she is also a textbook level in terms of filial piety.
With her 28 years of persistence, she taught us a vivid life lesson.
Speaking of Ouyang Xiadan's success, it is not a big red envelope given to her by God.
The growth path of this CCTV star is simply a living inspirational blockbuster!
Do you still remember the story about that math problem when she was in elementary school? It’s simply a childhood shadow-making machine!
At that time, little Ouyang filled in the answers at will in order to finish his homework quickly and go out to play.
As a result, he was caught red-handed by his stern father, and the scene was quite embarrassing.
I'm afraid this scene brought back many people's childhood memories, right?
But it was this strict education that laid a solid foundation for Ouyang Xiadan's future success.
In high school, Ouyang Xiadan became famous at the campus radio station.
At that time, she probably never dreamed that one day she would become the "national face" of CCTV, right?
But fate played a big joke on her.
When filling out her application for the college entrance examination, she was caught in a dilemma: Should she choose the broadcasting major she loved, or choose an "iron rice bowl"?
This multiple-choice question is probably more difficult to solve than the college entrance examination mathematics!
At this critical moment, Ouyang Xiadan showed maturity beyond his age.
She weighed the pros and cons and ultimately chose to follow her dream.
This decision can be called a turning point in her life, it is simply a "stroke of magic"!
After entering university, Ouyang Xiadan still maintained a rigorous learning attitude.
Her efforts were not in vain. Not only did she get the only chance to be a graduate student in the department, she also attracted the attention of Shanghai Satellite TV.
Faced with these two tempting choices, Ouyang Xiadan once again showed her decisiveness.
She chose Shanghai Satellite TV and started her hosting career.
This operation is simply a cheat for my life!
From Shanghai Satellite TV to CCTV, Ouyang Xiadan has taken every step steadily.
She has grown from a "rookie" to a "national face". Perhaps only she knows the hard work behind this.
Waking up at 4 a.m. every day to prepare for the morning news is the ultimate test for the liver!
Imagine that while we are still sleeping, Ouyang Xiadan has already started his day's work.
This kind of hard work is really admirable.
Ouyang Xiadan's success is not only her personal victory, but also an inspiration to all those who work hard.
Her story tells us that as long as we persist in our dreams and work hard, nothing is impossible.
Looking at Ouyang Xiadan's struggle history, it really makes people excited!
She is like an eagle flying against the wind, able to soar into the sky no matter how much resistance she encounters.
This spirit is simply the "chicken blood" of contemporary young people!
When it comes to the balance between work and family, Ouyang Xiadan is simply a textbook case.
This CCTV first lady is not only a "fighter" in her career, but also a "master of balance" in her family life.
Do you still remember that interesting episode when she first started working at Shanghai Satellite TV?
Taili specially assigned her a house in the city center, which was a "dream start"!
An ordinary person might happily enjoy the life of a single aristocrat.
But what about Ouyang Xiadan? She took her mother to live with her without saying a word.
This operation is simply filial and obedient! People can't help but sigh: This is the real "treasure daughter"!
Ouyang Xiadan showed strong adaptability at work.
From Shanghai Satellite TV to CCTV, she can quickly adapt to the new environment and grow rapidly every time.
This ability is simply a must-have skill in the workplace! It can be called the best example of "workplace survival guide".
But Ouyang Xiadan's success did not make her forget her family.
Throughout her 28-year career, she always put her mother first.
This sense of balance is really impressive.
Some people may ask: "Will this affect career development?"
The answer is: not really! On the contrary, Ouyang Xiadan's family values make her more stable and mature at work.
Her approachability and sense of responsibility have become important factors in her professional success.
It is simply a vivid lesson in "balancing family and career" for all working professionals!
Ouyang Xiadan tells us with practical actions that career and family are not either/or choices.
As long as you manage it carefully, you can take care of both and complement each other.
This balance is definitely worth learning for each of us!
Imagine that when Ouyang Xiadan was hosting the show glamorously in the studio, she might still be thinking about her mother at home.
This ability to cultivate both internal and external skills is simply the best portrayal of a "winner in life"!
The story of Ouyang Xiadan allows us to see a real "super woman" image.
She is not the omnipotent superwoman in the comics, but an ordinary person of flesh and blood who cares about her family.
But it is this kind of ordinaryness that makes it even more precious and touching.
She used her actions to explain what it means to be a "good wife and mother" and what it means to have a "successful career."
This balancing act is simply a vivid life lesson for contemporary young people!
Speaking of Ouyang Xiadan's "balancing technique", we can't ignore her filial piety that has persisted for 28 years!
28 years is either a long time or a short time.
But the perseverance and determination to put family first for 28 years is really awe-inspiring.
From taking care of his father at the age of 16 to taking care of his mother now, Ouyang Xiadan's filial piety has never changed.
She used her actions to explain what "love is a verb" means, and she gave everyone a vivid "filial piety lesson"!
Imagine that when we were still struggling with whether to go home to see our parents on the weekend, Ouyang Xiadan had been persisting in this matter for 28 years.
This lasting love is more moving than any grand confession.
In this fast-paced era, the only thing that can persist for 28 years is the love for family.
The story of Ouyang Xiadan is not only a touching story about filial piety, but also a life legend about persistence, growth and choice.
She spent 28 years teaching us a vivid life lesson.
To be honest, I felt a little ashamed when I saw Ouyang Xiadan's story.
Usually I always feel that I am too busy with work and have no time to spend with my parents, but Ouyang Xiadan is busier than any of us, doesn’t he still do it?
This is simply a slap in the face for us "busy young people"!
Finally, I have to say that Ouyang Xiadan's secret of "hidden" characters for 28 years is really surprising and surprising.
She tells us through her actions that no matter how successful we are, family is always the most important.
This story may make many people ask themselves: Can we be like Ouyang Xiadan?
To be honest, Ouyang Xiadan's persistence for 28 years is simply the "chicken soup" for contemporary young people!
But this bowl of "chicken soup" is not only delicious, but also extremely nutritious.
Her story allows us to see what a real "winner in life" is.
Not those glamorous appearances, but the consistent heart.
Ouyang Xiadan used her 28 years to set a new example for us.
This example tells us: Success is not only a successful career, but also staying true to one's original aspirations on the road of struggle.
After reading Ouyang Xiadan's story, I felt it was time to make a call home.
After all, no matter how busy we are, we can’t forget those people who have been supporting us from behind!
The Fourth Session Of The 14th National People's Congress Opens With A Summary Of Many Important Policies And International Developments
macro news
1. The Fourth Session of the 14th National People's Congress opened in the Great Hall of the People on the morning of the 5th. Xi Jinping and other party and state leaders attended the opening meeting. Premier Li Qiang of the State Council delivered a government work report to the conference. The government work report stated that the main expected development goals in 2026 are: economic growth of 4.5%-5%; the deficit rate in 2026 is planned to be around 4%, and it is planned to issue 1.3 trillion yuan of ultra-long-term special government bonds; continue to implement a moderately loose monetary policy.
2. The Fourth Session of the 14th National People's Congress will hold a press conference at 3 pm today in the Press Conference Hall of the Media Center. Director of the National Development and Reform Commission Zheng Shajie, Minister of Finance Lan Fo'an, Minister of Commerce Wang Wentao, Governor of the People's Bank of China Pan Gongsheng, and Chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission Wu Qing will answer questions from Chinese and foreign reporters on issues related to development and reform, fiscal budget, commerce, financial securities, etc.
3. At yesterday’s regular press conference of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, spokesperson Mao Ning said that China will send the Chinese government’s special envoy for the Middle East issue Zhai Jun to visit the Middle East in the near future to make active efforts to reduce tensions.
4. The central bank announced that in order to maintain sufficient liquidity in the banking system, on March 6, 2026, the People's Bank of China will carry out an 800 billion yuan buyout reverse repurchase operation with a fixed quantity, interest rate bidding, and multiple price winning bids, with a period of 3 months (91 days).
5. Israeli Transportation Minister Miri Regev announced that Israel is preparing to reopen the country’s airspace on March 8 to allow outbound flights.
6. Amir Haidari, deputy commander of Iran’s Hatam Anbia Central Command, said in an interview on the morning of the 5th local time that Iran has not really closed the Strait of Hormuz. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps stated in a statement that military and commercial ships belonging to the United States, Israel, European countries and their supporters are strictly prohibited from passing through the waters and will be attacked if discovered.
Industry news
1. The first "Ministerial Channel" concentrated interview event of the Fourth Session of the 14th National People's Congress was held on March 5. Li Lecheng, Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that "artificial intelligence + manufacturing" is a must-answer question, not a multiple-choice question. This year, "artificial intelligence + manufacturing" will be vigorously promoted. All walks of life in the manufacturing industry must embrace artificial intelligence, deeply explore high-value application scenarios, cultivate a number of high-level typical applications, and create a number of characteristic intelligent agents.
2. Chen Changsheng, a member of the "Government Work Report" drafting team and deputy director of the Research Office of the State Council, said at a briefing of the State Council Information Office on March 5 that we must make full use of the advantages of our national power grid system to further implement new infrastructure construction such as the construction of ultra-large-scale intelligent computing clusters and computing and power collaboration; we must further support the improvement of large model capabilities and computing power, multi-path and multi-route layout of embodied intelligence, world models, etc., and be more open technically and explore in many aspects.
3. After being fully open sourced, the global popularity of Step 3.5 Flash, a new generation base model of Step Star, has further increased, and the number of model calls has quickly climbed to the first place in the world on OpenClaw (a world-renowned open source project called "Crayfish" by netizens).
4. BYD has released the "Flash Charging China" strategy and plans to build flash charging stations in batches across the country. It is expected to build 20,000 flash charging stations by the end of 2026, including 18,000 "flash charging stations within stations" and 2,000 "flash charging high-speed stations."
5. Five departments including the Fujian Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology recently issued the "Fujian Provincial Electric Ship Industry Development Action Plan (2026-2028)". The plan proposes that by 2028, the annual manufacturing capacity of electric ships will reach 50. The plan also proposes to develop marine battery power technology.
6. On the 4th local time, representatives of seven companies: Microsoft, Google, OpenAI, Amazon, Meta, xAI and Oracle signed an independent power supply commitment at the White House. US President Trump said that many Americans are worried that data centers will drive up power demand, which may lead to rising electricity bills. With this document, the problem will be solved.
7. According to TrendForce’s latest mobile phone panel survey, shortages and rising prices of memory, which accounts for a very high cost of mobile phones, have impacted brands’ shipment plans for 2026 and further weakened panel shipment momentum. Global mobile phone panel shipments are estimated to be approximately 2.14 billion units in 2026, down approximately 7.3% from 2.31 billion units in 2025.
8. According to the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, a team of academicians Zhu Daoben and researcher Di Chongan from the institute, together with domestic collaborators, successfully developed a plastic thermoelectric film with an irregular multi-level porous structure. Its core performance index thermoelectric figure of merit exceeded 1.64, setting a world record for the performance of flexible thermoelectric materials in the same temperature zone, and providing key material support for the development of wearable devices, attached refrigeration, Internet of Things sensors and other technologies.
Company news
1. *ST Songfa announced that its affiliated companies signed construction contracts for four very large crude oil carriers, with a total amount of approximately US$400-600 million.
2. Jingdong Group announced that in the fourth quarter of 2025, Jingdong Group’s revenue was 352.3 billion yuan; the full-year revenue in 2025 was 1.3091 billion yuan, accelerating to double-digit growth compared with 2024.
3. Nanjing Julong announced that shareholder Jiangsu Soho Fashion Group plans to reduce its holdings by no more than 2.94% of its shares.
4. Jingpin Special Decoration announced that shareholders are planning to reduce their holdings by no more than 3.00% of their shares.
5. Zhenghong Technology announced that pig sales revenue in February decreased by 65.34% month-on-month.
6. Jufei Optoelectronics announced that the company’s MicroLED technology has not been used in the CPO field, nor has it generated revenue from CPO.
7. Hongsheng Huayuan announced that its subsidiary has won the bid for the China Southern Power Grid project worth 975 million yuan.
8. Daikin Heavy Industry announced that its net profit in 2025 will be 1.103 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 132.82%, and it is planned to pay 0.87 yuan per 10 units.
9. Shanjin International announced that its net profit in 2025 will be 2.972 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 36.75%, and it is planned to be 4.8 yuan per 10 pieces.
global market
The three major U.S. stock indexes collectively closed lower, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average falling 1.61%, the S&P 500 Index falling 0.57%, and the Nasdaq Composite Index falling 0.26%. U.S. cybersecurity stocks strengthened, with Okta up 11%, CrowdStrike up more than 4%, and Datadog up more than 3%. Major European stock indexes closed down collectively, with Germany's DAX30 index falling 1.72%.
COMEX gold futures fell 0.85% to US$5,090.9 per ounce; COMEX silver futures fell 1% to US$82.355 per ounce.
The settlement price of international crude oil futures closed sharply higher. WTI crude oil futures April contract closed up 8.51%, Brent crude oil futures May contract rose 4.93%.
CME Group lowered the initial margin for its COMEX 100 gold futures from 9% to 7% and the initial margin for its COMEX 5000 silver futures from 18% to 14%.
U.S. President Trump has nominated U.S. Senator Markwayne Mullin to replace Kristi Noem as U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security.
OpenAI releases GPT-5.4 and GPT-5.4 Pro models, supporting context windows of up to 1 million tokens.
Investment opportunity reference
1. Deepen and expand "artificial intelligence +", and my country's AI development has entered a new stage of comprehensively empowering the economy and society.
When introducing the government's work tasks in 2026, the government work report proposed to deepen and expand "artificial intelligence +", promote the accelerated promotion of new generation intelligent terminals and intelligent agents, promote the commercial and large-scale application of artificial intelligence in key industries, and cultivate new intelligent native new business formats and new models. Support the construction of artificial intelligence open source communities and promote the prosperity of the open source ecosystem.
Previously, the "Opinions on the Deep Implementation of the "Artificial Intelligence +" Action" issued by the State Council pointed out that by 2027, we will take the lead in realizing extensive and deep integration of artificial intelligence with six major key areas, the penetration rate of new generation intelligent terminals, intelligent agents and other applications will exceed 70%, the scale of core industries of the intelligent economy will grow rapidly, the role of artificial intelligence in public governance will be significantly enhanced, and the open cooperation system for artificial intelligence will continue to improve. The agency pointed out that with the official release of the State Council's "Opinions on Deeply Implementing the "Artificial Intelligence +" Action", China is entering a critical period of transition from "Internet +" to "Artificial Intelligence +", which means that my country's AI development has entered a new stage of comprehensively empowering the economy and society from the technological exploration stage.
2. 6G Robot” unveiled, expected to be commercialized in 2029
According to media reports, Zhiyuan Robot and China Telecom publicly demonstrated the joint innovation results of "6G+quadruped robot" for the first time. Relying on the synaesthesia integration and ubiquitous connection capabilities of the 6G network, the activity radius of the intelligent robot will expand from the ground to underground, no-man's land and other extremely complex environments. Qiu Heng, COO of Zhiyuan Kutuo, said that 6G+ Zhiyuan series quadruped robots are expected to catch up with the first wave of commercialization in 2029 or 2030. By then, not only will the intelligence of the robots have greatly improved, but the price will also drop a lot.
Aijian Securities stated that many humanoid robot complete machine manufacturers have increased capital expenditures and promoted the pace of mass production. At the same time, other intelligent terminal manufacturers are focusing on laying out the humanoid robot track. Industry competition entities have expanded, and the competition intensity on the complete machine side has increased. Industry profits may be more concentrated in links with scale and technical barriers. At the same time, relevant supply chain companies are accelerating the layout of production capacity overseas and strengthening large-scale manufacturing capabilities. It is recommended to pay attention to the supply chain companies of leading complete machine manufacturers with a relatively clear mass production rhythm and high order certainty.
(Financial Associated Press)
Review Of Eric McLuhan's Media Environment Studies
Liang Yi is a lecturer at Hebei University-UCLan School of Communication and Creativity, a PhD in Communication, and a member of the North American Media Environment Society.
Tang Yuanqing is a professor and doctoral supervisor at Communication University of China, and a distinguished professor at the School of Journalism, Communication and Film and Television of Hainan Normal University.
This article is the research result of the Hainan Provincial Ideology and Public Opinion Research Base's project "Innovative Research on Ideological Work in the New Era".
Dr. Eric McLuhan (hereinafter referred to as "Eric"), a Canadian media environmentalist and director of the Harris School of Art in Toronto, unfortunately passed away on May 18, 2018. Eric is an internationally renowned and award-winning communication scholar who has taught at many universities in the United States, Canada and other countries. The Media Ecology Association (MEA) of North America pointed out in a letter announcing Eric's death that Eric had more than 40 years of teaching experience in a wide range of subject areas such as literature, perception, high-speed reading skills, communication theory, media, culture, Egyptology, and the nature and structure of the Renaissance.
As we all know, Eric is the son of the famous communication scientist Marshall McLuhan (hereinafter referred to as "Marshall"). Eric's academic background is similar to that of his father Marshall. He received a bachelor's degree in communication from Wisconsin in 1972 and a master's degree and doctorate in English literature from the University of Dallas in 1980 and 1982 respectively. His academic research is often associated with his father, perhaps because his father is too dazzling, perhaps because his academic research is based on his father's knowledge, and he does not receive the academic respect he deserves. But in fact, he is recognized as a media environment scientist with great achievements in today's media environment academic circle.
When discussing the Renaissance,
Propose issues that media environmental studies should pay attention to in the future
Since 1964, Eric's research and reflections have been published in the form of books, magazines and journal articles. In addition to papers, he has also published books on media, perception and literature, including three seminal books (co-authored with his father): "The Laws of Media: The New Science", "Communication Theory" and "Media and Determinative Causes". In media studies, Eric discussed the issues that media environmental studies should pay attention to in the future in conjunction with the Renaissance.
Eric said that the "Renaissance" first appeared in English in 1845, and the invention of the telegraph appeared at the same time as the "Renaissance". The Renaissance triggered by telegraph technology still exists today. Currently, the West and the world are still in the grip of the largest Renaissance in human history. The development of media technology has triggered large-scale environmental changes. Evidence of the contemporary Renaissance can be seen everywhere. Every imaginable corner of our culture, art and science is currently involved in the fermentation process of continuous discovery and rediscovery. Today's life is irrational and ever-changing. The existence and popularity of electronic media has made this ferment invisible. Since the mid-19th century, the process of birth and development of new cultures and the alternation of different cultures has not stopped, and the Renaissance triggered by electronic media has shown no signs of weakening. On the contrary, it has shown various signs of acceleration. This acceleration is related to media technology. An important phenomenon in the transformation of Western culture today is the revival of tribal experience among large audiences. Tribal experience is the development of media technology, which is brought about by electronic media. Internet technology allows audiences to transcend time and space, be online at the same time and participate in various network activities, bringing tribal experience to the audience. The large-scale disappearance of public reading is a side effect of print media, but the simultaneity and participation of electronic media have given birth to large-scale audiences.
In short, the Renaissance triggered by telegraph technology still surrounds us. The Renaissance that affected us in the 20th and 21st centuries is so important and invisible; and the environmental changes affected by such large-scale media technology should become the object of media environmental studies. This is what Eric pointed out that current media environmental studies should focus on. Eric also said that environmental science is the study of all natural environments and the different substances we put into the land, air and water. Media environmentalists try to understand issues including local and global pollution. He then quoted his father's famous assertion: Just like air and water, the media created by humans are also environments, and different technologies wear different coats. Marshall believed that new or old media should be understood within their context. Regarding this point, many media environment scholars implicitly or explicitly have the same idea, that is, the media is the environment, the media shapes the new environment, and the media is an extension of the world. Therefore, to understand media is to understand and study the impact and shaping of media on a world that is still in the midst of a Renaissance.
2. Study media technology in connection with “determination of cause and effect”.
Will lead to the end of “straw man arguments”
In Street's view, Eric was an important academic contributor to media environment studies, and perhaps his most important academic achievement was his development of Aristotle's view of deterministic causation as a means of understanding the effects of human communication, creative expression, and technological innovation. After his father's death, Eric co-authored "Media and Determining Causes", which was published in which he established a new way of understanding human activity and creation, a way that was more meaningful than trying to embed these phenomena into simple causal relationships. This will ultimately lead to the end of the “straw man argument” of technological determinism.
So, why is Eric’s research connected with Aristotle’s view of decision-making and causation and leading to the end of the “straw man argument”? There are two main reasons:
1. Eric’s analysis shows that Marshall’s goal has always been to explore, record and explain the operation and creative process of determining causes in literary and cultural works. He has no special interest in other causes such as effective causes.
Media environmental studies study the determining reasons for the impact of media on people and society, not the only and all reasons. Regarding things and causes, Aristotle proposed the famous "four causes": material, final, formal and efficient. Aristotle himself often used the creation of works of art as an example to illustrate four different causes. In the Metaphysics, Aristotle frequently discusses cause and effect. But Aristotle's "Determining Causes" are considered the least explained and least understood, Eric said. Determining causes remain a mystery and have long been thought of as plans or blueprints. People often don't want to know the reasons for anything. People don't want to know why radio made Hitler and Gandhi resemble each other, or what the printing press did. As users of the medium, they simply want to participate. Determining cause remains a great mystery in this age: the educated mind finds it too contradictory and irrational. Students of communication will discover that over the past 500 years, Western science has systematically excluded the study of cause and effect through a simple process of fragmentation and quantification.
According to Eric, Marshall's book "The Laws of Media" co-authored with him also focuses on this area of determining causation. Their Four Laws, which brought Aristotle up to date, analyzed the mode of action of the subject's forces and provided an analysis of the determinants (of media evolution) for the first time ever. Marshall's statement that "the medium is an invisible, ever-present whirlwind of service or damage" means that the medium affects human beings as the determining cause. In other words, Marshall and his views only reveal that technology has an impact on human beings because technology itself is the determining cause, but it does not mean that technology is the only cause and all causes, and there are other causes. Moreover, Marshall had no particular interest in other causes.
The interesting, understandable, yet difficult thing to understand about Eric and determining causes is that Eric was both combined with Aristotle (incorporating his theory of the four causes) and rebelling against Aristotle (and placing determining causes outside of logic). Eric points out that determining causes are outsiders of dialectics, arising from the most fundamental and profound places of grammar and rhetoric. When analyzing Eric's scholarship, Straight said that the decisive reason is a rebellion against logic. What Eric provides us is a non-Aristotelian Aristotle.
2. The recognition and criticism of Marshall and other media environment scholars as technological determinists is to first distort the views of Marshall and others, misrepresent Marshall and others as technological determinists, and then attack this distorted view.
In the preface to his book Media and Deterministic Causes, Strait states that Marshall and other media environment scholars have been criticized as technological determinists. In fact, technological determinism is a vocabulary added to media environment scholars without due consideration. Language such as "cause-result" is easily mixed in and applied due to habits and routine activities. So we should put an end to arguments like this shorthand “stirrups caused feudalism”. "Determining causes" are sudden and emergent, and are the causal relationships that media environment scholars think of when considering the impact of technological changes on individuals and society. Eric linked media technology with Aristotle's "determining cause" analysis, thereby pointing out that Marshall's analysis of the impact of technology on humans and society is a "determining cause" analysis, rather than an analysis of "all causes" that lead to results. “Determining causes” should not be summed up simply and dogmatically by the shorthand “cause-effect” to mean that technology is the sole and all cause of its impact on people and society.
In short, a "straw man argument" is when someone wants to prove that one point or argument is better than an opposing argument by first distorting the other person's point of view and then attacking the distorted point. Then, the criticism of the "distorted" view is naturally untenable. By linking Aristotle’s causes of decision-making, Eric explains that the views of media environment scholars are not simply arbitrary technological determinism, thus leading to the end of the “straw man debate”.
Eric's thinking on the causes of contact determination is not only a combination of Aristotle's determination of causality that keeps pace with the times in the media technology environment, but also a breakthrough in Marshall's academic research and even media environment research. This kind of research is also new to the major representative scholars of media environment during the period when his academic views were published (2005). “Like father, like son,” and as we read those fascinating, encyclopedic articles, we discover that “determining why” isn’t what you think, but it’s crucial to how you think.
3. Actively participate in society affairs,
Calling on media environment scholars to take immediate action
On September 4, 1998, the Media Environment Association (MEA) was established in the United States. Eric is an influential media environmental scientist in the world. Although he has not served as the president or vice president of MEA, as an ordinary member of MEA, he actively participates in the affairs of the society. As a public intellectual, he actively participates in society activities. He is an important speaker at several MEA annual conferences and a member of the editorial board of the MEA journal "Explorations in Media Environment".
Eric always has academic exchanges and harmonious interactions with many scholars in the field of media environment through conferences organized by the Society of Media Environment, journals and other platforms, making positive comments on their research and praising the significance of scholars' work. For example, he believes that Thomas Farrell's work "Walter Ong's Contribution to Cultural Studies: Phenomenology and the Communication of the World I and You" is a (attitude) humble book. Farrell has provided valuable services to the academic field of culture and communication. Readers can have a good sense of Ong's overall range of insights by reading it. As he said, scholars have already conducted a lot of useful research, and I will give just a few examples: Murray Schafer's "The Tuning of the World" takes the training of musicians and composers away from the concert hall and towards the larger environment; Jane Jacobs (such as 1961, 1969, 1984) studied the dynamics of cities from the perspective of the media environment; the works of Innis and Eric Havelock are indispensable, and they opened up necessary research paths.
Also based on MEA, the world's first academic community platform for media environment studies, Eric published an article specifically discussing media environment studies, pointing out three actions that media environmentalists need to take immediately:
One is to learn everything from art by training our perception, critical awareness, and studying how the art of each culture makes a system of responses suitable for exploring cultural and perceptual changes (like the remote warning lines of a radar station or a seismometer).
The second is to organize projects to study the effects, especially side effects, of all new and old technologies and their media environments in all different cultures and societies. There is a need to document how different media respond to different cultures, and to learn to predict the possible effects of new media.
The third is to design and implement controlled (purpose) research so that new media that are harmless to a certain culture will not affect the happiness of another culture, so that another culture may not discover its harm and toxicity.
On the basis of specifying three things that media environment scholars should take immediate action, Eric passionately issued a call to scholars, calling on media environment scholars to face the future. He (2006) said: "If you are really a media environment scholar, these (three actions) are your future and should also be your present."
The four academic lives are unique and bring inspiration to researchers.
Eric's academic life has unique characteristics. First of all, Eric has extensive knowledge, pioneers and innovations based on the research of other scholars, and has his own research results. However, his academic life is closely related to and inseparable from his father's academic life. Without Marshall's achievements and reputation in the field of communication, Eric would not have achieved world-wide attention. From this perspective, it is probably his father Marshall who made Eric's academic career possible. Secondly, Eric's academic status was special. He was a famous "lecturer" and did not receive an academic position like "professor" until his death. From this perspective, it may be his father Marshall who influenced his promotion in terms of professional status. Eric’s academic achievements and experiences can bring the following enlightenment to scholars:
1. Innovative ideas and unique academic achievements are the lifeblood of a scholar’s academic life.
This is especially important for the academic successors of famous teachers, because while the outstanding achievements of teachers bring positive influence to future generations, they may also obscure the academic achievements of future generations and affect the objectivity of the world's evaluation of their academic achievements. Although Eric has a PhD, he does not have an academic appointment; he is not a professor. It is not difficult to see from the previous discussion that Eric has his own creative academic achievements. If he were not Marshall's son, he might be promoted to professor smoothly. People tend to only notice his father's brilliance and achievements, and only regard his research as a continuation and promotion of his father's ideas. It seems that without Marshall, Eric's academic research is not worth studying and has nothing to talk about.
However, this attitude may be reckless, and this may not be the case. For example, in the book "Medium and Determining Causes", the first three chapters are the work of Marshall except for the second chapter, which contains the cooperation between Marshall and Barrington Novitt, while the fourth chapter is the independent work of Eric. Moreover, this chapter is regarded by Street as a major breakthrough in the study of his father and media environment.
2. In the academic research of media environment and communication studies, the scope of research scholars must be broadened and the research on the academic content of scholars must be deepened. Otherwise, the opportunity of “academic mining” may be missed.
The translation, evaluation, absorption, and reflection of Western research work in domestic academic circles are currently developing, and the recognition and attention of scholars of the media environment school are gradually increasing. However, there are still differences and biases in foreign and domestic perceptions of the relationship between media environment scholars and technological determinism. Through the above research, it can be seen that the debate on this issue should be ended by Eric's achievements.
Eric's academic achievements are related to his father Marshall and other scholars such as Aristotle. It can be seen from his works that he studied a wide range of scholars, which is one of the reasons for his academic achievements. What we need to reflect on is that in the process of communication research, the scope of research scholars should be broad and the content should be deep, so as to facilitate full research from multiple angles and help researchers achieve achievements.
As far as media environment research is concerned, the research on foreign media environment scholars needs to be further broadened in scope and deepened in content to promote the common prosperity and development of the three major schools of communication in my country. In the West, currently active media environment scholars include Street, Levinson, Lin Wengang and some Canadian scholars. Although there has been an upsurge in studying Marshall in China, overall, there are only a handful of domestic scholars studying media environment. Compared with the media environment research scene abroad, the domestic research situation can be described as lonely.
In short, no matter how fierce the controversy over McLuhan and his son is in academic circles at home and abroad, it is undeniable that they are the flagships of media environmental studies. On the basis of continuing the academic research inherited from his father, Eric has also made his own original academic contributions. It is necessary for the academic community to pay more attention, research and reference to his academic achievements.
This article is an abbreviated version, with references omitted. The original text was published in the 2019 Issue 10 of "International Press".
Shandong University Of Finance And Economics’ 2024 High-level Sports Team Recruitment Details And Brilliant Achievements
Shandong University of Finance and Economics 2024 High Level Sports Team Admissions Brochure
Shandong University of Finance and Economics is a university jointly established by the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education, and Shandong Province. It is located in Jinan, a national historical and cultural city known as the Spring City. It is a financial and economics university with a long history, a large scale, and distinctive features. It focuses on economics and management and has eight major disciplines: liberal arts, law, science, engineering, education, and art. It has a high reputation and popularity at home and abroad.
The school attaches great importance to the construction of high-level sports teams and is a general institution of higher learning approved by the Ministry of Education with the qualifications to recruit high-level sports teams. It has relatively complete sports team teaching, training and competition venues and facilities, forming a standardized and efficient high-level sports team management system, and has repeatedly won good results in international and domestic high-level competitions. Men's volleyball is a traditional strong sport of the school. In 2010, he represented Chinese college students in the volleyball competition of the World University Five-Ball Championship. He won the championship and was awarded by the Ministry of Education and the Shandong Provincial Department of Education; in 2012, he won the championship of the 9th China University Games; in 2017, he won the championship of the men's volleyball university group of the National Student Games. In 2018, the men's football team won the championship of the 14th Student Games of Shandong Province. In 2020, the table tennis team won the men's team championship and men's singles championship and runner-up in the Shandong University Table Tennis Championships. In 2021, the table tennis team won the men's team championship, women's singles championship, and mixed doubles championship in the Shandong University Table Tennis Championships. In 2021 and 2022, he won the first prize in the Chinese University Student Freestyle Table Tennis Exhibition Competition for two consecutive years. In 2023, he won five championships in the Shandong University Table Tennis Championships and won the men's team runner-up in Group D (Super Group) of the 27th China University Table Tennis Championships.
In accordance with the spirit and other relevant regulations of the "Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Education on Promoting the Enrollment of Some Special Types of General Colleges and Universities in 2024" (Teaching Office [2023] No. 10), the school will continue to recruit high-level athletes from Shandong Province in 2024.
1. Enrollment projects and enrollment plans
1. Enrollment projects: men's volleyball, women's volleyball, men's football (11-a-side), men's table tennis, women's table tennis.
2. The total planned enrollment number shall not exceed 65 students (all enrolled in Shandong Province), including: no more than 6 students for men’s volleyball, no more than 6 students for women’s volleyball, no more than 11 students for men’s football, no more than 21 students for men’s table tennis, and no more than 21 students for women’s table tennis.
Admissions items
Enrollment province
Field position
Enrollment plan
men's volleyball
Shandong
Main attack
0-5
secondary attack
0-5
respond
0-5
second pass
0-5
free man
0-3
women's volleyball
Shandong
Main attack
0-5
secondary attack
0-5
respond
0-5
second pass
0-5
free man
0-3
men's football
Shandong
forward
0-6
Avant-garde
0-6
defender
0-6
goalkeeper
0-3
Men's table tennis
Shandong
0-21
Women's table tennis
Shandong
0-21
3. The school will determine the final specific enrollment plan for each enrollment project based on the principle of merit-based admissions and preferential admission over excess, based on the actual number of candidates who applied for the exam, the test scores of the candidates, and the school's high-level sports team building needs.
2. Registration conditions
1. Candidates must meet the registration requirements for recruiting high-level sports teams as stipulated in the relevant documents of the Ministry of Education. They must have graduated from a senior secondary education school or have equivalent academic qualifications as a senior secondary education graduate, and have obtained a national first-class athlete (inclusive) certificate or above.
2. The sports you apply for are consistent with the sports level certificate.
3. Have participated in the college entrance examination registration organized by the Shandong Provincial Education Admissions Examination Authority.
3. Registration and preliminary qualification review
1. Registration: Candidates who meet the registration conditions are required to register for the high-level sports team recruitment project in accordance with the method specified by the General Administration of Sports from February 16 to February 25, 2024 at 12:00 (for detailed registration information, please see the "China Sports Culture and Education Network" or "Sports Education Alliance APP"). Our school stipulates that the number of colleges and universities that candidates can apply for is no more than 5. When registering online, you need to upload the following materials:
(1) Registration information confirmation sheet or college entrance examination registration form for summer college entrance examination candidates for general college admissions in Shandong Province in 2024.
(2) Candidate’s second-generation ID card (front and back).
(3) Screenshot of the query result of athlete grade certificate, please query and screenshot by yourself in the "Athletes Technical Grade Comprehensive Query System" of the State Sports General Administration.
2. Preliminary review of qualifications: The school will review the information submitted by the candidates. The sports items in the athlete technical level certificate held by the candidates should be consistent with the sports items applied for by our school. Candidates' sports technical levels are verified strictly in accordance with the "Comprehensive Inquiry System for Athletes' Technical Levels" of the State Sports General Administration. Candidates who cannot be queried through the "Comprehensive Inquiry System for Athletes' Technical Levels" will be disqualified from participating in our school's 2024 high-level athlete selection. The review results will be announced before March 1 through the high-level sports team admissions registration system and the Shandong University of Finance and Economics Undergraduate Admissions Information Network.
4. Professional testing
Candidates who have passed the school's preliminary examination are required to pay close attention to the relevant notices issued by the Ministry of Education, the State Sports General Administration and other departments, take the national unified examination as required and pay the test fee on time (candidates are advised to pay attention to the dynamics of the high-level sports team enrollment and registration system).
5. Qualified List
The school determines the list of candidates who have passed the test based on the candidates' qualification review results, unified test scores, individual sports admission results and the development needs of the school's sports teams. It will be announced to the public through the school's undergraduate admissions information network and the Ministry of Education's Sunshine College Entrance Examination Information Platform before 18:00 on June 6, 2024 (candidates who have been admitted to the university's independent sports recruitment will not be included in the qualified list).
In 2024, the college entrance examination scores of qualified candidates for the school's high-level sports team recruitment must reach 80% of the general first-tier score in Shandong Province.
Based on the actual application situation of candidates and the school's high-level sports team construction needs, the final number of qualified candidates for each enrollment project and position will be determined, and the qualified list will be determined from high to low according to the unified test results (group projects must be based on field position).
6. Shortlist
Based on the candidates’ cultural class scores, the school will announce the final list on the Shandong University of Finance and Economics Undergraduate Admissions Information Network on June 27, 2024 and upload it to the Ministry of Education’s Sunshine College Entrance Examination Platform. Shortlisted candidates must fill in our school's choice when filling out the first application in advance on the Shandong Province General College Admissions and Registration Platform. The college code and name should be filled in according to the "2024 Shandong Province General College Admissions Volunteer Guide". In principle, candidates on the shortlist who fill out their application form will be admitted to our school.
7. Admission majors and tuition fees
The major for high-level athletes to be admitted in 2024 is Social Sports Guidance and Management. Our school will not arrange admission for non-sports majors. Tuition fees are based on the charging standards stipulated by Shandong Province.
8. Others
1. Candidates who participate in the high-level athlete test should register for the summer college entrance examination organized by the Shandong Provincial Education Admissions Examination Authority as required and obtain a candidate number. Candidates are solely responsible for any registration issues that may affect their exams and admissions.
2. Once the school discovers and verifies candidates who are found to have cheated in special sports tests or cultural exams, as well as candidates who have provided false materials to obtain high-level athlete qualifications, their registration or admission qualifications for that year will be cancelled; those who have been admitted to the school will have their student status revoked.
3. After the admitted high-level athletes enter the school, the school will conduct a comprehensive review within three months and organize a special sports re-examination. If it is found that they do not meet the admission conditions stipulated by the state, violate the admissions regulations, or commit fraud, their admission qualifications will be cancelled, and the source middle school or unit and the Shandong Provincial Education Admissions Examination Agency will be notified.
4. The Admissions Office of Shandong University of Finance and Economics is the school’s specially established general college entrance examination admissions agency. The school does not entrust any other organization or individual to handle matters related to the admissions of high-level sports teams. The school reserves the right to pursue responsibilities in accordance with the law for institutions or individuals who carry out illegal enrollment activities under the guise of the name of Shandong University of Finance and Economics. The school will not be held responsible for any consequences caused by candidates and parents credulously trusting the promises of other personnel.
5. The school's high-level sports team recruitment follows the principles of "fair competition, fair selection, openness and transparency, and merit-based admissions" and is subject to supervision by disciplinary inspection and supervision departments, candidates and parents, news media and all walks of life. Report hotline: 0531-82911247.
6. Admissions contact information
Admissions Office consultation hotline: 0531-88525423
Fax: 0531-81793555
Admissions special website: https://zhaosheng.sdufe.edu.cn/
Sports College: 0531-82911131
This brochure has been reviewed and approved by the school’s General College Entrance Examination Admissions Leading Group, and the admissions office has been authorized to interpret it.
Must-memorize Xinchuan Postgraduate Entrance Examination: A Comprehensive Review Of Basic Communication Theories And Communication Concepts And Characteristics
During the examination process, whether it is Professional Course 1 or Professional Course 2, part of the content in the test paper must come from the basic knowledge in the reference book. This part of the content requires us to master it proficiently. Only in this way can we save time in the examination room to the greatest extent and leave enough time for answering other difficult questions. This part of the content is also the direction in which we usually work harder. Only by mastering the most basic theories can we improve our knowledge and continuously expand our knowledge.
Let’s take a look at the five basic communication theories that students in Xinchuan postgraduate entrance exams must memorize.
The concept and characteristics of communication
01The concept of communication
(1) Cooley: Communication refers to the mechanism on which relationships between people are established and developed. Cooley emphasized the social relational nature of communication.
(2) Peirce: Emphasis on the special role of communication symbols as the carrier of spiritual content in communication.
(3) Schramm: Communication has at least three elements: source, message and destination.
(4) Hu Zhengrong: Communication is the flow process of information. Communication contains two elements - information (material for communication) and flow.
(5) Gold: Communication is the process of changing uniqueness into commonality.
(6) Guo Qingguang: Communication is the transmission of social information or the operation of social information systems.
02Characteristics of communication
(1) Social communication is an information sharing activity;
(2) Social communication takes place within certain social relationships and is a manifestation of certain social relationships;
(3) From the perspective of the social relationship of communication, it is a two-way social interaction behavior;
(4) One of the important prerequisites for the establishment of communication is that both the transmitter and the receiver must have a common space of meaning;
(5) Communication is a behavior, a process, and a system.
Mead-I theory of subject and object
It was proposed by American social psychologist Mead. When Mead studied people's introspective activities, he found that self-awareness has an important impact on people's behavioral decision-making.
The main points of the subject-object-I theory
(1) The self can be decomposed into two interconnected and interactive aspects: one is the "I" (I) as the subject of will and behavior, which is embodied through the individual's actions and reactions around objects; the other is the "object" (me) as the representative of others' social evaluation and social expectations, which is the embodiment of the social relationality of self-awareness. In other words, the human self is formed in the interaction between the "subject self" and the "object self" and is the embodiment of this interactive relationship.
(2) Human self-awareness is formed, developed and changed in the process of dialectical interaction between the "subject self" and the "object self". The "subject self" is the form (expressed by behavior), and the "object self" is the content (reflecting the influence of all aspects of social relations).
(3) The social process of two-way interaction between "subject self" and "guest self". The medium of interaction is information. The subject-object-me theory is of great significance to understanding the social, two-way and interactive nature of intra-personal communication.
McLuhan media theory
01McLuhan’s main points
1. The medium is the message
This is McLuhan's high-level summary of the status and role of communication media in the development of human society. The meaning is that the medium itself is the truly meaningful message, that is, only with a certain medium can humans engage in communication and other social activities that are suitable for it. Therefore, the truly meaningful and valuable "message" is not the communication content of each era, but the nature of the communication tools used in this era, the possibilities it creates and the social changes it brings.
In McLuhan's view, media is the basic driving force for social development. Every new media created creates a way for people to perceive and understand the world. Changes in communication change human feelings, also change the relationship between people, and create new types of social behavior.
2. The media is an extension of people
Any medium is nothing more than an expansion and extension of human senses and organs. Writing and print media are extensions of human visual abilities, radio is an extension of human hearing abilities, and television is a comprehensive extension of human visual, auditory, and tactile abilities. McLuhan's point of view is to illustrate the impact of communication media on human sensory centers. Therefore, in his eyes, the development history of media and society is also the consciousness of human sensory abilities from "synthesis" to "differentiation" to "resynthesis". The use of each medium will change people's sensory balance, produce different psychological effects and perceptions and reflections of the external world.
3. Hot media and cold media
The information conveyed by hot media is relatively clear and clear, and the recipient does not need to mobilize more sensory and associative activities to understand it. (books, newspapers, radio, silent films, photographs).
The information conveyed by cold media is small and vague, and understanding requires the cooperation of multiple senses and rich imagination. (Comics, talkies, television, etc.). The disadvantage is that there is no consistent standard for this classification and there are logical contradictions.
4.Global village
It is believed that the communication revolution has changed the scale of human senses. Oral communication corresponds to a tribalized society—printed media corresponds to a detribalized society—and electronic media corresponds to a retribalized society, that is, the global village.
02The significance of McLuhan’s media theory
It opens up the perspective of observing human and social development from the perspective of media technology, and emphasizes the role of media technology in social history. In addition, McLuhan's view that "media is an extension of human beings" is very enlightening for us to understand the working mechanisms of different media. His assertion about the "global village" is also in line with the development trend of the contemporary world.
03 Limitations of McLuhan’s media theory
McLuhan was a technical naturalist, so his theory was extreme and one-sided. This is reflected in: McLuhan regards media technology as the only determinant of social development and change, and ignores the role of various complex social factors such as production relations and social relations; in McLuhan's theory, human subjectivity and initiative cannot be seen, and human beings seem to be completely influenced by the media technology invented by themselves. The entire basis of McLuhan's theory focuses on the impact of media tools on the central sensory system, and the explanation of all human behaviors based on this is also one-sided; McLuhan's theory cannot see people engaged in active social practice, nor can it see the social relationships between people.
uses and gratifications theory
01Definition of Uses and Gratifications Theory
The concept of "uses and gratifications" was proposed by communication scientist Katz in his 1974 article "Individual Use of Mass Communication".
That is, the audience is regarded as individuals with specific needs, and their media contact activities are regarded as the process of using media based on specific needs and motivations to satisfy these needs. The "uses and gratifications" theory takes the audience's perspective and examines the psychological and behavioral effects of mass communication on humans by analyzing the audience's motivations for using media and obtaining need satisfaction. This theory believes that the audience restricts the process of media communication through active use of media, and points out that the use of media is entirely based on personal needs and desires.
02Evaluation of Uses and Gratifications Theory
(1) This theory believes that the audience's media contact is an activity of selecting media content based on their own needs. This choice has a certain "agency", which helps to correct the view of "the audience is absolutely passive" in mass society.
(2) It reveals the diversity of audience media usage forms, emphasizes the restrictive effect of audience needs on communication effects, and plays an important role in denying the early "bullet theory" or "hypodermic injection theory" view of effects.
(3) It points out that mass communication has some basic effects on the audience, which is also a useful correction to the "limited effect theory" that overemphasized the powerlessness of mass communication from the 1940s to the 1960s.
03Limitations of Uses and Gratifications Theory
(1) Too much emphasis on personal and psychological factors, with a strong color of behaviorism and functionalism.
(2) Being separated from the production and provision process of media content and simply examining the media contact behavior of the audience cannot fully reveal the social relationship between the audience and the media.
(3) It points out a certain kind of agency of the audience, but this kind of agency is limited and is limited to the scope of "selective contact" with the content provided by the media. It cannot reflect the agency of the audience as the subject of social practice, the subject with communication needs and communication rights.
mimetic environment theory
In 1922, the famous American newspaper columnist Lippmann first proposed the concept of "mimetic environment" in his book "Public Opinion".
01Definition of mimetic environment theory
The mimetic environment is not a "mirror" reproduction of the real environment, but an environment that the communication media prompts people to by selecting, processing, and re-structuring symbolic events or information.
02Evaluation of the mimetic environment theory
As the main way for people to understand the world, the mimetic environment plays a key role in the understanding and development of people's ideas, reflecting the social influence of mass communication. But it will also restrict people's cognition and behavior, affecting the objective reality environment. Due to the limited scope, energy and attention of people's actual activities, it is impossible for people to maintain experiential contact with the entire external environment and numerous things related to them. For things beyond their own personal perception, people can only understand and cognize things through various "news supply agencies".
In addition to the basic theories of communication mentioned in the "Course of Communication" that will be covered in the exam, we also need to be familiar with some unexplained theories, which will also be covered during the exam. Here are six unexplained theories.
1. Spectacle Society
01The definition and perspective of landscape society
(1) Definition
Spectacle society is a one-dimensional society that uses visual communication methods to maintain its social status quo.
(2) Viewpoint
① In a society where modern production conditions prevail, all aspects of life present themselves in the form of an infinite accumulation of landscapes.
② Everything that once existed directly and vividly has been transformed into representation.
③In the age of images, landscape has become the main production content of today’s society.
④ It is even a certain realistic and material world view. (Internalization, environmentalization of mimetic environment)
⑤Rebuked McLuhan, who proposed "the medium is the message", as "the first apologist of landscape".
02The current situation of spectacle society
(1) In the spectacle society of consumerism, separate and illusory media images replace direct life experience and various relationships in life.
(2) "Spectacle" makes people stay away from society and lose interest in creative social practices. People passively consume artificial commodity spectacles and the services they provide, are excited by television, and consume time in their obsession with the influence of media. "Modern people have completely become viewers." (container man)
2. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Proposed by linguist and anthropologist Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf, it is a psychological and linguistic hypothesis about human language.
The main points of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
The theory, which holds that people's thinking patterns are affected by their use of language and may have different views on the same thing, has caused some controversy and attracted some criticism.
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis believes that the cultural concepts and classifications contained in different languages will affect language users' perception of the real world. In other words, users of different languages will have different ways of thinking and behavior due to language differences.
This statement that "language structure affects the speaker's cognitive structure" involves many fields such as human linguistics, psychology, linguistic psychology, neurolinguistics, cognitive science, linguistic anthropology, sociology of language, and philosophy of language, and has been widely studied in these fields.
3. Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Uncertainty reduction theory, also known as first interaction theory, was first proposed by Charles Berger and Richard Calabrezi in 1975.
Main points of uncertainty reduction theory
The theory is used to explain how strangers use communication to reduce uncertainty between people during their first interactions. When we first meet, we anticipate and interpret the motivations for each other's actions.
Among them, prediction can be defined as the ability to predict one's own and the other party's behavior to the extent possible; explanation refers to trying to explain the meaning of past actions in a certain relationship. With the development of theory, cognitive uncertainty and behavioral uncertainty are proposed. Among them, cognitive uncertainty refers to the uncertainty related to beliefs and attitudes, and behavioral uncertainty refers to the degree of prediction of behavior in a certain situation. In interaction, we may generate two kinds of uncertainty at the same time.
4. Compensatory media
Proposed by communication scholar Paul Levinson.
Main ideas about compensatory media
This theory holds that any subsequent media is a remedy and compensation for a certain past medium or a certain innately deficient function, but new media will bring new problems; the evolution of media is the result of human choice, and media that better meet human needs are retained.
In terms of theoretical contribution, the "compensatory media" theory provides a new and convincing explanation for the progress of media technology, believing that humans determine the evolutionary direction of media; it proposes that humans can refine and control media technology, and preserve and develop the media environment we like. The shortcoming of this theory is that Levinson is a technological optimist. All his writings are filled with the confidence of human beings in technology, but the important impact of media on people has not received enough attention.
5. Cognitive dissonance theory
It was proposed by American social psychologist Festinger in "Cognitive Dissonance Theory" published in 1957.
Main ideas of cognitive dissonance theory
This theory holds that everyone strives to make their inner world free of contradictions, but all people are unable to achieve a state of no contradiction.
Festinger believes that human cognition is composed of many cognitive elements, and there are coordinated, discordant and irrelevant relationships between these cognitive elements. A state of dissonance occurs when an individual finds that he or she holds two or more conflicting cognitive factors. When cognitive dissonance occurs, individuals will feel psychologically unhappy and nervous, and will be motivated to resolve the dissonance, and their attitudes will change accordingly. This theory studies the relationship between any cognition, especially focusing on the problem of dissonance between behavior and attitude. It expands the previous "consistency theory" and emphasizes the antecedent effect of human behavior on attitude change or persistence. Previously, people emphasized that attitude precedes behavior. This is a theoretical contribution to the discipline of psychology, and this view also has guiding significance for communication practice.
6. Social Penetration Theory
Social penetration theory was proposed by American communication scholars Altman and Taylor in 1973.
The main points of social penetration theory
Unlike the "uncertainty reduction" theory, which focuses on the initial stage of interpersonal communication, the social penetration theory focuses on the entire process of how two strangers go from raw to mature, from shallow to deep. Its most distinctive feature is that it emphasizes the role of "self-disclosure" in it.
Altman and Taylor believe that the development of interpersonal relationships can be divided into four stages: finding direction, tentative emotional communication, emotional communication, and stable communication. In this process, the "self-disclosure" of both parties is like peeling an onion, layer by layer, gradually deepening, from the surface to the middle and then to the core.
Shandong University Of Finance And Economics International Student Undergraduate Admissions Programs, Qualifications, Application And Material Requirements
1. Enrollment items
Shandong University of Finance and Economics offers the following undergraduate programs for international students:
1. Chinese-taught programs: economics, management, law and other majors.
2. English-taught projects: international economics and trade, cross-border e-commerce, business administration and other majors.
For details on specific majors, please see: "Shandong University of Finance and Economics Chinese-taught degree program", "Shandong University of Finance and Economics English-taught degree program"
(Note: Classes will not be held if there are less than 20 students in each major, and you can apply to change majors)
2. Applicant qualifications
International students applying to study for a bachelor's degree at Shandong University of Finance and Economics must meet the following conditions:
1. Nationality requirements: non-Chinese nationality.
2. Education requirements: Have a nationally recognized high school diploma.
3. Language requirements:
- Chinese-taught programs: High school graduates, with a valid Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) Level 4 certificate of 180 points or above or a certificate of equivalent Chinese proficiency.
- English-taught programs: High school graduates, with a valid IELTS certificate of 5.5 or above or proof of the same English proficiency (except for applicants whose native language is English).
3. Application
1. Online application: Log in to the Shandong University of Finance and Economics online application system (http://istu.sdufe.edu.cn) to submit your application. Once your application is complete, be sure to check your email and spam folder regularly.
2. Application deadline: May 30, 2025
4. Application materials
1. "Application Form for Foreign Students of Shandong University of Finance and Economics";
2. Scanned copy of passport personal information page;
3. Personal 2-inch ID photo with white background without hat (JPG format);
4. Notarized high school diploma;
5. Notarized high school transcript;
6. Language proficiency certificate (must be within validity period);
7. Non-fresh graduates must submit a resume;
8. Proof of financial guarantee.
5. Fees
6. Scholarship information
Shandong University of Finance and Economics offers a variety of scholarships to outstanding international students, including:
1. Shandong Provincial Government International Student Scholarship: full scholarship, partial scholarship, sister city scholarship, etc.
2. Shandong University of Finance and Economics Scholarships: Peiyou Award, Chinese Language Award, Special Scholarship, etc.
For details on application methods, please see: "Shandong University of Finance and Economics International Student Scholarship"
7. Visa and entry
1. Visa type: After admission, the school will assist students to apply for a study visa in China (X1 visa).
2. Entry instructions: Students must apply for a residence permit within 30 days after entry.
8. Accommodation and life
1. Accommodation options: The school provides single and double dormitories. Each dormitory is equipped with a bed, desk, bookshelf, wardrobe, independent bathroom, etc.
2. Living facilities: There are public kitchens, laundry rooms, gyms, activity rooms, etc. in the dormitory buildings. There are canteens, libraries, gymnasiums, sports fields, swimming pools and other facilities on campus.
9. Contact information
International Student Affairs Office
Address: 1st Floor, Building 5, No. 40 Shungeng Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China (250014)
Tel: +86 (0)531 8852 5235
Email: int_student@sdufe.edu.cn
Website: https://sie.sdufe.edu.cn/lxscd/gzzd.htm
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