At noon on February 21, Mr. Yi, a Wuhan citizen, and his wife were walking in Guishan Park when they unexpectedly encountered a snow-white squirrel. The little guy was lively and smart, not afraid of strangers, and even interacted with the two elderly people for nearly two minutes. The scene was warm and healing.
"Rural Governance in the Process of German Modernization" is a historical monograph that systematically studies rural governance and rural development issues in the process of German modernization since the 19th century. It focuses on the German countryside and studies rural governance in the process of modernization in stages. From the early modern period, to the first industrial revolution and the early stages of urbanization, to the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich, and finally to the Federal Republic of Germany, this book sorts out the history of Germany's modernization and the role of rural governance in it from these four stages. At the same time, combined with a large amount of data and legal provisions, it explores how Germany, under the impact of industrialization and urbanization, can get rid of the rural development crisis, achieve modern development of the countryside while adhering to rural traditions, and reshape the vitality and charm of the countryside. This book also has certain reference significance for China's rural governance and rural area development, which is in the period of modernization transformation.
"Rural Governance in the Process of German Modernization", written by Xing Laishun, Yue Wei and Qian Lingyan, published by Guangxi Normal University Press
>>Selected readings from the text:
The development of the German textile and transportation industry during the first industrial revolution
In the mid-1830s, Germany's first industrial revolution began and unfolded rapidly. The main manifestations are: new technologies and new machines are widely adopted; the transportation industry marked by railway construction has experienced unprecedented development; industrial output has increased at an extremely rapid rate; industrial fixed capital investment has increased rapidly; the commercial and banking industries have rapidly modernized; and the industrial population has increased rapidly. Judging from the process of the first industrial revolution, it was in the starting stage in the mid-1830s, entered the upsurge stage in the 1940s and 1950s, weakened in the 1960s, and then ended with a small climax in the early 1970s.
Germany's first industrial revolution also started in the textile industry like Britain and France. Before 1815, most of the population engaged in non-agricultural production in Germany was concentrated in the textile industry. The textile industry mainly existed in the form of cottage industry and manual workshop production. In the 1830s, with the adoption of new technologies and mechanization, this problem was gradually solved, and the textile industry developed rapidly in Germany. It should be pointed out that the mechanization of the German textile industry involves linen textiles and wool textiles, but the fastest growing is the cotton textile industry, and the mechanization of the linen textile industry has progressed slowly. In 1837, there were only five mechanical linen mills in Germany. During the same period, the linen textile industry in Britain and Belgium had been extensively mechanized. By the mid-19th century, Germany's linen textile industry still basically maintained a manual and household production form. In the field of wool textile industry, until the beginning of the 19th century, Germany's wool textile industry was still a handicraft industry, and there was no large-scale wool textile factory like the UK. Prussia and Saxony were the centers of the German woolen textile industry. It was only after the 1830s that the wool textile industry developed rapidly. Judging from the degree of mechanization, it was 30% in 1835 and reached 50% in 1850.
As mentioned earlier, in the field of German textile industry, the development of cotton textile industry is the most eye-catching. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, "nothing in the whole field of industry and commerce was more interesting and more outstanding than the young cotton textile industry." In 1800, there were more than 2,000 "Jenny machines" in Saxony. After the establishment of the German Customs Union, the mechanical cotton spinning industry in southwestern Germany such as Baden and Württemberg also developed rapidly. At that time, the prospects of the cotton textile industry were very promising, and people were investing in this field. Therefore, mechanization developed quite easily and production increased significantly. The number of yarn spindles in Germany increased from 580,000 in 1835 to 2.35 million in 1865; during the same period, cotton yarn production increased from 3,786 tons to 37,128 tons. In the cotton weaving industry, the number and productivity of cotton looms increased significantly in the 1830s. In 1800, there were 35,000 cotton looms in Germany, which increased to 150,000 in 1846, but there were very few mechanical looms. In 1846, the number of hand looms and machine looms were 116,000 and 2,600 respectively, and in 1861 they were 264,000 and 23,000 respectively. In other words, the number of hand looms was always much higher than the number of machine looms during the first industrial revolution. Despite the slow progress of mechanization, the cotton textile industry developed greatly, with cotton cloth production increasing from 3,600 tons in 1815 to 14,237 tons in 1835 and 41,294 tons in 1865.
However, overall, although the German textile industry developed rapidly during the first industrial revolution, it was never close to the powerful British textile industry. The production level of the German cotton textile industry in 1835 was only equivalent to the production level of Britain in 1788.
A notable feature of Germany's first industrial revolution was that railway construction became the locomotive of the industrial revolution. Before the first industrial revolution, land transportation in Germany was extremely backward, relying mainly on traditional methods such as horseback riding and postal carriages. In the 1830s, it took a day and a half from Berlin to Leipzig, four days from Berlin to Breslau, and a week from Berlin to Königsberg. During the journey, the postal carriage may capsize or be robbed, and there are many dangers. Therefore, before going on a long journey, people often go to church and make a will to prepare for unexpected events. What's more interesting is that sometimes mail carriages and wagons would deliberately move slowly when passing through a certain area so that innkeepers could make more money from passing passengers. Bulk goods need to be transported in caravans drawn by 4 to 8 horses, and the freight is quite expensive. In 1834, the Saxon consul in the United States bought 17.5 thalers of books in New York and shipped them to Saxony via Le Havre, France. The freight cost exceeded 265 thalers.
Written by Guo Dexin (published by Xinhua News Agency)
The rapid popularity of mobile payment has given people rich imagination about a "cashless society". China is the country with the most extensive mobile payment applications in the world and is also one of the countries closest to a "cashless society." However, mobile payment alone cannot meet the changing requirements of the digital financial era, and the concept of "digital currency" focusing on a deeper level has emerged.
Recently, the relevant person in charge of the People's Bank of China (hereinafter referred to as the central bank) stated in public that the development of a digital currency system is underway and that the "digital RMB era" is coming. Why does the central bank launch digital currency? What are the connections and differences between central bank digital currency, online payment and so-called “virtual currency”?
How are digital currencies different?
At the third China Financial Forty Yichun Forum held recently, Mu Changchun, deputy director of the Central Bank's Payment and Settlement Department, said that the Digital Currency Research Institute under the Central Bank had begun the development of a digital currency system as early as 2018, and the Central Bank's digital currency was "ready to come out." This subsequently triggered widespread heated discussions in the Internet and financial circles.
The central bank’s research into issuing digital currency is not a temporary move. It is reported that from 2014 to the present, the research on central bank digital currency has been carried out for 5 years. In 2017, the Central Bank Digital Currency Research Institute was officially established. Currently, the institute has applied for 74 patents involving digital currency technology.
In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, especially blockchain technology, many so-called "virtual currencies" have emerged around the world, such as Bitcoin and Litecoin, which have been controversial in recent years. So, how is the digital currency proposed by the central bank different from these commercial “virtual currencies”?
From the perspective of currency attributes, “virtual currencies” such as Bitcoin are not currencies in nature. Unlike state-issued legal tender, "virtual currency" is not supported by national credit. Its speculative nature is affected by factors such as tightening supervision and technical problems. Its price often fluctuates and it interferes with the normal order of the country's and even the global monetary and financial systems to a large extent.
From the perspective of currency circulation principles, in order to ensure the orderly operation of the financial system and macro-control, only the state can exercise the supreme power of currency issuance. Therefore, central bank digital currency is a legal digital currency based on national credit and issued by the central bank. It is essentially different from "virtual currencies" such as Bitcoin.
Can it really replace cash in circulation?
China’s electronic payment is already very developed. Why does the central bank still launch a legal digital currency? "For ordinary people, the boundaries between electronic payment and central bank digital currency in basic payment functions are relatively blurred, but the central bank digital currency released by the central bank in the future is very different from electronic payment in the implementation of some functions." Mu Changchun said that in the past, fund transfers of electronic payment tools had to be completed through traditional bank accounts, while central bank digital currency can achieve value transfer without traditional bank accounts, greatly reducing the dependence on accounts in the transaction process. In layman's terms, the central bank's digital currency can be as easy to circulate as cash, which is conducive to the circulation and internationalization of the renminbi, and can also achieve controllable anonymity.
It is understood that existing cash in circulation is easy to be counterfeited anonymously, and electronic payment tools such as bank cards and Internet payments cannot fully meet the public's demand for anonymous payments. Therefore, the design of the central bank's digital currency is mainly aimed at the substitution of cash in circulation, which not only maintains the attributes and main characteristics of cash, but also meets people's needs for portability and anonymity.
Wang Xin, director of the Central Bank’s Research Bureau and Monetary and Bullion Bureau, said that the central bank’s digital currency in China mainly replaces cash to a certain extent and will help optimize the central bank’s currency payment function and improve the central bank’s monetary status and the effectiveness of monetary policy.
From this point of view, the central bank's launch of digital currency is neither the currently popular electronic wallet or online payment, nor is it a complete "replacement of the existing RMB system", but a new encrypted electronic currency system that has a certain degree of substitution for cash in circulation.
Shao Fujun, chairman of China UnionPay Co., Ltd., said that the central bank’s legal digital currency will have a great positive impact and can improve the efficiency of currency operation monitoring and enrich monetary policy tools.
It is reported that the central bank’s digital currency is mainly used in small retail high-frequency business scenarios. Zhou Xiaochuan, former governor of the Central Bank, once pointed out that research on digital currencies is essentially about pursuing the convenience, speed and low cost of retail payment systems.
Research and development is in a "horse race" state
In recent years, commercial virtual currencies have been controversial, and people are increasingly realizing that the future development trend of digital currencies will still be legal digital currencies based on national credit and issued by central banks of various countries.
It is understood that no central bank in the world has officially launched a legal digital currency. Many central banks, including the Bank of England, the Bank of Canada and the Riksbank, are developing legal digital currencies. The International Monetary Fund stated that it plans to launch a global digital currency-International Monetary Fund Currency (IMFCoin) based on the Special Drawing Rights mechanism.
At present, China is still in the stage of accelerating research and development of digital currency. For example, the central bank held a video conference on work for the second half of 2019 on August 2, calling for “accelerating the pace of research and development of my country’s legal digital currency.” The recently released "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Supporting Shenzhen in Building a Pioneer Demonstration Zone of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" clearly states that it "supports the development of innovative applications such as digital currency research and mobile payments in Shenzhen."
It is understood that in the future, the central bank will not directly issue digital currency to the public, but will adopt a two-tier operating system, that is, the central bank will first exchange the digital currency to banks or other operating institutions, and then these institutions will exchange it to the public. The central bank's legal digital currency may be piloted in some scenarios in the early stage, and then further promoted when it is more mature. For prudent reasons, the pilot exit mechanism will be designed.
Mu Changchun revealed that the development of the central bank’s digital currency is currently in a “horse race” state, with several designated operating agencies adopting different technical routes for research and development. "It doesn't have to be blockchain, any technology will do. Whether it's blockchain or a centralized account system, electronic payment or so-called mobile money, whatever technical route you take, the central bank can adapt."
"I never expected that I would meet a little white squirrel in Guishan during the Chinese New Year. I'm so lucky!" At noon on February 21, Mr. Yi, a Wuhan citizen, and his wife were walking in Guishan Park when they unexpectedly encountered a snow-white squirrel. The little guy was lively and smart, not afraid of strangers, and even interacted with the two elderly people for nearly two minutes. The scene was warm and healing.
Little white squirrel. Photo by Mr. Yi
On the fifth day of the first lunar month, the sun was just right at noon. Mr. Yi and his wife climbed the steps from the southern foot of Guishan Mountain. When they were halfway up the mountain, a small white figure suddenly jumped into their eyes - a pure white squirrel was jumping in the forest. Its two big black eyes looked at them warily, and its furry tail flicked in the shadow of the trees.
"Little guy, are you hungry?" Mr. Yi tentatively took out the rock candy orange he brought with him, peeled off a few petals and placed them gently under the tree. Unexpectedly, the white squirrel actually jumped down from the tree, picked up a piece of orange, quickly jumped back to the tree, squatted on the branch and ate it with relish. After eating, it ran down again, again and again, until it had "packed" all the orange segments on the ground, and then reluctantly disappeared among the trees.
"The closest thing to us was only about two meters away!" Mr. Yi excitedly took out his mobile phone and recorded this rare "adventure". He posted the video to his family group, and it went viral instantly. Relatives and friends liked it one after another, and even his grandchildren clamored to go to Guishan to "see squirrels."
This is not the first time white squirrels have appeared in Turtle Mountain. As early as January 2025, some citizens had encountered this white "elf". It is understood that a large number of sycamore, Chinese tallow tree, ginkgo and other tree species are planted on Guishan, which are rich in fruits and provide sufficient food sources for squirrels.
On February 24, the person in charge of Guishan Scenic Area said that this snow-white squirrel may be an albino individual caused by a genetic mutation. Relevant data shows that the probability of albino squirrels in the wild is only one in a million, which is very rare.
“The rarer it is, the more we should cherish it.” Park management reminds citizens that if you encounter this “white elf” in the wild, please keep a distance, watch it quietly, and do not disturb or feed it, let alone harm it. For wild animals, not disturbing them is the best way to get along with them.
Comprehensive: Wuhan City Message Board, Changjiang Daily
Analyze cost control and profit management in the catering industry Name_________________________Address_______________________________Student ID_______________________________----------------------------------Password----------------------------------Seal----------------------------------Line--------------------------1. Please first fill in your name, ID number and address in the seal area of the test paper. 2. Please read the various questions carefully and fill in your answers in the prescribed positions. 1. Multiple choice questions 1. What is the main purpose of catering cost control?
A. Reduce costs
B. Increase profits
C.Improve service quality
D. Increase market share
Answer: B
Problem-solving ideas: The core goal of catering cost control is to improve the economic benefits of the enterprise, that is, to increase profits by reducing costs, rather than directly improving service quality or increasing market share.
2. Which of the following does not fall within the scope of catering cost control?
A. Raw material cost
B. Labor costs
C. Marketing costs
D.Depreciation of equipment
Answer: C
Problem-solving ideas: Catering cost control mainly targets direct and indirect costs. Marketing costs usually belong to the company's operating costs, rather than direct cost control.
3. In catering companies, which of the following costs has the greatest impact on profits?
A. Fixed costs
B.Variable costs
C. opportunity cost
D. expected cost
Answer: B
Problem-solving ideas: Variable costs change with changes in business volume, and have the most direct and significant impact on profits.
4. Which of the following methods is not a method of catering cost control?
A.Standard cost method
B. Target costing
C.Budget Control Act
D.Cost-benefit analysis
Answer: D
Problem-solving ideas: The cost-benefit analysis method is usually used for project evaluation rather than a direct catering cost control method.
5. In a catering enterprise, which of the following costs is a fixed cost?
A. Utility bills
B. Raw material costs
C. Labor cost
D.Depreciation of equipment
Answer: D
Problem-solving ideas: Fixed costs refer to costs that do not change with changes in business volume, and equipment depreciation conforms to this characteristic.
6. Which of the following methods is not a method of catering profit management?
A. Cost-plus pricing method
B. Competition-oriented pricing method
C.Customer-oriented pricing method
D.Cost-benefit analysis
Answer: D
Problem-solving ideas: The cost-benefit analysis method is not a method specifically used for catering profit management, but a broader decision-making analysis tool.
7. In a catering enterprise, which of the following costs are variable costs?
A. Utility bills
B. Raw material costs
C. Labor cost
D.Depreciation of equipment
Answer: B
Problem-solving ideas: Variable costs will change with the increase or decrease in business volume, and raw material costs are exactly the costs that change with changes in sales volume.
8. Which of the following methods is not a method of catering cost control?
A.Standard cost method
B. Target costing
C.Budget Control Act
D.Cost-benefit analysis
Answer: D
Problem-solving ideas: The cost-benefit analysis method is mainly used to evaluate the costs and benefits of the project, and is not a method specifically used for daily catering cost control. 2. Fill in the blanks 1. The main purpose of catering cost control is to reduce costs, increase profits, and enhance market competitiveness.
2. The scope of catering cost control includes raw material costs, labor costs, energy costs, depreciation costs, other costs, etc.
3. Among catering companies, raw material costs have the greatest impact on profits.
4. Catering cost control methods include budget control, quota control, standard cost control, target cost control, etc.
5. In catering companies, rent and equipment depreciation are fixed costs.
6. Catering profit management methods include pricing strategies, cost analysis, revenue analysis, risk control, etc.
7. In catering companies, ingredients, seasonings, and fuel are variable costs.
8. Catering cost control methods include cost accounting, cost analysis, cost assessment, etc.
Answers and problem-solving ideas:
1. The main purpose of catering cost control is to reduce costs, increase profits, and enhance market competitiveness.
Problem-solving ideas: The core purpose of catering cost control is to ensure that enterprises maintain price advantages in fierce market competition and improve profitability through effective cost management.
2. The scope of catering cost control includes raw material costs, labor costs, energy costs, depreciation costs, other costs, etc.
Problem-solving ideas: Catering cost control needs to comprehensively cover all costs in enterprise operations, including direct costs and indirect costs, to ensure the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of cost management.
3. Among catering companies, raw material costs have the greatest impact on profits.
Problem-solving ideas: The cost of raw materials is a direct cost for catering companies, which directly affects the price of dishes and profit margins, so it should be controlled.
4. Catering cost control methods include budget control, quota control, standard cost control, target cost control, etc.
Problem-solving ideas: These methods control costs from aspects such as budget preparation, quota formulation, cost standard setting and target cost realization, aiming to improve cost management efficiency.
5. In catering companies, rent and equipment depreciation are fixed costs.
Problem-solving ideas: Fixed costs refer to costs that do not change with changes in business volume. Rent and equipment depreciation belong to this type of cost, and their expenditures are relatively stable.
6. Catering profit management methods include pricing strategies, cost analysis, revenue analysis, risk control, etc.
Problem-solving ideas: Optimize the revenue structure through pricing strategies, improve profitability through cost analysis and income analysis, and reduce potential losses through risk control.
7. In catering companies, ingredients, seasonings, and fuel are variable costs.
Problem-solving ideas: Variable costs refer to costs that change with changes in business volume. Food ingredients, seasonings, fuel, etc. are directly linked to sales volume and are variable costs.
8. Catering cost control methods include cost accounting, cost analysis, cost assessment, etc.
Problem-solving ideas: Accurately reflect cost status through cost accounting, identify cost control points through cost analysis, and motivate employees to improve cost awareness through cost assessment. 3. True or False Questions 1. Catering cost control and profit management are two independent concepts. ()
Answer: ×
Problem-solving ideas: Catering cost control and profit management are interrelated, and cost control is an important part of profit management. Through effective cost control, an enterprise's profit margins can be increased.
2. The main purpose of catering cost control is to reduce costs and increase profits. ()
Answer:√
Problem-solving ideas: This is the basic purpose of cost control, which is to reduce costs and increase profits by reducing unnecessary expenditures and improving resource utilization efficiency.
3. The scope of catering cost control includes raw material costs, labor costs, marketing costs, etc. ()
Answer:√
Problem-solving ideas: Catering cost control involves all aspects of enterprise operations, including the control of raw materials, labor, energy, marketing and other costs.
4. Among catering companies, fixed costs have the greatest impact on profits. ()
Answer: ×
Problem-solving ideas: Fixed costs usually do not change with changes in business volume within a certain range, while variable costs are directly related to business volume. In catering companies, variable costs may have a greater impact on profits because they directly affect the realization of sales revenue.
5. The budget control method is a method of catering cost control. ()
Answer:√
Problem-solving ideas: The budget control method is a method of managing costs by formulating and executing budgets. It helps to monitor and control various expenditures of catering companies.
6. In catering companies, equipment depreciation is a fixed cost. ()
Answer:√
Problem-solving ideas: Equipment depreciation is a type of fixed cost. It refers to the year-by-year decrease in the value of equipment during use. It is usually calculated according to a predetermined depreciation rate.
7. The cost-plus pricing method is a method of catering profit management. ()
Answer:√
Problem-solving ideas: The cost-plus pricing method is a pricing method based on product cost plus a certain profit margin. It helps catering companies achieve reasonable profits.
8. In catering companies, raw material costs are variable costs. ()
Answer:√
Problem-solving ideas: Raw material costs are costs that change with business volume. When sales increase, raw material costs will also increase accordingly, so they are variable costs. 4. Short answer questions 1. Briefly describe the significance of catering cost control.
The significance of catering cost control is:
Improve economic benefits: By controlling costs, increasing profit margins and enhancing the market competitiveness of enterprises.
Optimize resource allocation: ensure that resources are utilized rationally, reduce waste, and improve corporate efficiency.
Guarantee operational stability: Help enterprises resist market fluctuations and ensure the continuity and stability of operations.
Improve customer satisfaction: Improve consumer satisfaction and increase repeat customers through reasonable pricing.
2. Briefly describe the scope of catering cost control.
The scope of catering cost control includes:
Raw material cost control: Manage the procurement, storage, use and other aspects of food ingredients.
Labor cost control: rationally allocate manpower, optimize labor organization, and improve employee work efficiency.
Energy cost control: Monitor and manage energy consumption such as water, electricity, and fuel.
Operating cost control: Manage operating costs such as catering equipment, maintenance, cleaning and sanitation.
3. Briefly describe the methods of catering cost control.
Methods for catering cost control include:
Budget management: Develop reasonable cost budgets and control cost expenditures.
Standardized management: Establish standardized operating procedures to reduce waste.
Data analysis: Through data analysis, find out the key points of cost control.
Supplier management: Establish long-term and stable supplier relationships to ensure raw material quality and price advantages.
4. Briefly describe the methods of catering profit management.
Methods of catering profit management include:
Pricing strategy: Develop a reasonable pricing strategy based on market demand and cost structure.
Cost analysis: Conduct cost analysis regularly to find out profit growth points.
Risk management: Assessing and controlling risks that may affect profits.
Marketing strategy: Increase revenue and profits through effective marketing methods.
5. Briefly describe the relationship between catering cost control and profit management.
The relationship between catering cost control and profit management
Interdependence: Cost control is the basis of profit management. Without effective cost control, profit management will be impossible.
The goals are the same: both aim to improve the economic benefits of the enterprise and achieve the long-term development of the enterprise.
Synergy: Cost control and profit management need to work together to achieve the best results.
Answers and problem-solving ideas:
1. Answer: The significance of catering cost control is to improve economic efficiency, optimize resource allocation, ensure operational stability, and improve customer satisfaction.
Problem-solving ideas: First understand the basic concepts of catering cost control, and then analyze the positive impact of cost control based on the actual situation of catering companies.
2. Answer: The scope of catering cost control includes raw material costs, labor costs, energy costs, and operating costs.
Problem-solving ideas: From the perspective of catering cost composition, analyze the impact of different costs on catering companies.
3. Answer: Catering cost control methods include budget management, standardized management, data analysis, and supplier management.
Problem-solving ideas: Aiming at the difficulties in catering cost control, propose specific and feasible control methods.
4. Answer: Catering profit management methods include pricing strategy, cost analysis, risk management, and marketing strategy.
Problem-solving ideas: From the perspective of catering enterprise profitability, analyze how to increase profits.
5. Answer: The relationship between catering cost control and profit management is interdependence, goal consistency, and synergy.
Problem-solving ideas: Starting from the intrinsic connection between cost control and profit management, explain the relationship between the two. 5. Essay questions 1. Discuss how to increase the profits of catering companies through cost control.
【Answer】
The profits of catering companies can be effectively improved through cost control through the following ways:
Optimize the procurement process: Reduce procurement costs through centralized procurement, bulk purchasing, etc.
Optimize inventory management: Implement a scientific inventory management system to reduce inventory backlog and waste.
Optimize human resource management: Reduce labor costs by improving employee efficiency and reducing employee turnover.
Optimize energy management: improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
Optimize cost accounting: Implement refined management and conduct detailed accounting of various costs to ensure the effectiveness of cost control.
[Problem-solving ideas]
When solving the problem, first outline the importance of cost control in improving profits, and then elaborate on specific implementation strategies from the aspects of procurement, inventory, human resources, energy management and cost accounting, and illustrate with actual cases.
2. Discuss the principles that catering companies should follow in cost control.
【Answer】
Catering companies should follow the following principles in cost control:
Economic principle: On the premise of ensuring quality, we pursue cost minimization.
Principle of rationality: Cost control measures should be reasonable and feasible to avoid excessive control that affects operations.
Efficiency principle: Cost control should aim at improving corporate efficiency.
Systematic principle: consider cost control as a whole and form a systematic cost management system.
Dynamic principle: timely adjust cost control strategies according to market changes and operating conditions.
[Problem-solving ideas]
When solving the problem, first explain the importance of cost control principles, then explain the meaning of the above principles one by one, and give examples based on the actual situation of catering companies.
3. Discuss the key factors that catering companies should pay attention to in profit management.
【Answer】
Catering companies should pay attention to the following key factors in profit management:
Revenue management: Increase sales revenue, including optimizing dish structure, improving service quality, expanding customer sources, etc.
Cost management: Reduce costs, including optimizing cost structure, improving cost control efficiency, etc.
Expense management: Reasonably control expenses and avoid unnecessary waste.
Risk management: Identify, evaluate and respond to various risks to ensure stable operation of the enterprise.
Fund management: Ensure the safety of the fund chain and improve the efficiency of fund use.
[Problem-solving ideas]
When solving the problem, first clarify the importance of profit management, then elaborate on the key factors from the five aspects of revenue, cost, expense, risk and capital, and analyze it based on the actual situation of the catering enterprise.
4. Discuss how catering companies should balance cost control and profit management.
【Answer】
Catering companies should take the following measures to balance the relationship between cost control and profit management:
Establish a linkage mechanism between cost control and profit management to ensure that the two promote each other.
To set reasonable cost control targets, we must consider both reducing costs and ensuring service quality.
Strengthen cost control awareness and improve the participation of all employees.
Conduct cost analysis and profit assessment regularly, and adjust cost control strategies in a timely manner.
Pay attention to market research and adjust the dish structure and pricing strategy according to market demand.
[Problem-solving ideas]
When solving the problem, first point out the importance of balancing cost control and profit management, and then elaborate on specific measures in terms of establishing linkage mechanisms, setting goals, strengthening awareness, regular evaluation and market research, and illustrate with actual cases.
5. Discuss how catering companies should respond to market changes in cost control and profit management.
【Answer】
Measures taken by catering companies to respond to market changes in cost control and profit management include:
Strengthen market research and keep abreast of market trends and consumer needs.
Optimize supply chain management and reduce procurement costs.
Improve dish innovation capabilities and adapt to market changes.
Strengthen brand building and enhance corporate competitiveness.
Implement flexible pricing strategies to respond to market fluctuations.
[Problem-solving ideas]
When solving the problem, first emphasize the impact of market changes on catering companies, and then elaborate on countermeasures from the aspects of market research, supply chain management, dish innovation, brand building and price strategy, and conduct analysis based on specific cases. 6. Case analysis questions 1. Case 1: A case of a catering company increasing profits through cost control.
【Case background】
A catering company is located in a bustling business district and specializes in Chinese fast food. In recent years, due to fierce market competition, the company has faced the dilemma of declining profits. In order to increase profits, companies decided to start with cost control.
【question】
1. What cost control measures has the catering company taken?
2. What impact have these measures had on improving corporate profits?
[reference answer]
1. Cost control measures:
Optimize the procurement process and reduce procurement costs;
Strictly control the waste of food ingredients and implement refined management;
Optimize the allocation of human resources and improve employee work efficiency;
Optimize energy consumption and reduce energy costs.
2. Impact analysis:
By optimizing the procurement process, companies reduce raw material costs and increase profit margins;
Strictly control the waste of food ingredients, improve the utilization rate of food ingredients, and further reduce costs;
Optimize the allocation of human resources, improve employee work efficiency and reduce labor costs;
Optimizing energy consumption reduces energy costs and improves corporate profitability.
[Problem-solving ideas]
This case explores the impact of these measures on the improvement of corporate profits by analyzing the specific cost control measures taken by catering companies. Problem-solving ideas include: analyzing the specific content of cost control measures and how these measures play a role in actual operations, ultimately affecting the profitability of the company.
2. Case 2: Problems and solutions encountered by a catering company in profit management.
【Case background】
During the profit management process, a catering company discovered that there was a large gap between revenue and costs, which affected the company's overall profitability.
【question】
1. What problems does the catering company encounter in profit management?
2. What solutions have companies adopted to address these problems?
[reference answer]
1. Problems encountered:
Inaccurate cost accounting results in distortion of profit data;
Income management is not strict and there is revenue loss;
Unreasonable profit distribution affects the enthusiasm of employees.
2.Solution:
Strengthen cost accounting and improve data accuracy;
Strictly manage income to prevent loss of income;
Optimize profit distribution plans and stimulate employee enthusiasm.
[Problem-solving ideas]
This case explores the corresponding solutions by analyzing the problems encountered by catering companies in profit management. Problem-solving ideas include: analyzing the causes of problems and proposing practical solutions to the problems.
3. Case 3: A catering company’s successful experience in cost control and profit management.
【Case background】
A certain catering company has achieved remarkable results in cost control and profit management, becoming a leader in the industry.
【question】
1. What successful experience does this catering company have in cost control and profit management?
2. What inspirations can these experiences provide to other catering companies?
[reference answer]
1. Successful experience:
Establish a sound cost control system;
Strictly manage income to prevent loss of income;
Optimize the allocation of human resources and improve employee work efficiency;
Optimize supply chain management and reduce procurement costs.
2. Enlightenment:
Establishing a sound cost control system is the basis for the sustainable development of an enterprise;
Strict revenue management is the key to improving corporate profitability;
Optimizing human resource allocation and supply chain management is an important means for enterprises to reduce costs.
[Problem-solving ideas]
This case analyzes the successful experiences of catering companies in cost control and profit management, and explores the implications of these experiences for other companies. Problem-solving ideas include: summarizing the specific content of successful experiences and the reference significance of these experiences for other companies.
4. Case 4: How a catering company adjusts its cost control and profit management strategies amid market changes.
【Case background】
A catering company faces dual pressures of rising costs and intensifying competition amid market changes.
【question】
1. What adjustment strategies has this catering company adopted in response to market changes?
2. What effect do these strategies have on companies responding to market changes?
[reference answer]
1. Adjust strategy:
Adjust product structure and optimize product mix;
Improve service quality and enhance brand image;
Strengthen cost control and reduce operating costs;
Expand market channels and increase market share.
2. Function analysis:
Adjusting product structure can help meet market demand and improve corporate competitiveness;
Improving service quality can help enhance brand image and attract more customers;
Strengthening cost control can help reduce operating costs and improve corporate profitability;
Expanding market channels will help increase market share and enhance the company's ability to resist risks.
[Problem-solving ideas]
This case explores the role of these measures in the company's response to market changes by analyzing the specific measures taken by catering companies to adjust cost control and profit management strategies amid market changes. Problem-solving ideas include: analyzing the specific content of strategies and how these strategies help companies respond to market changes.
5. Case 5: How a catering company responds to competitive pressure in cost control and profit management.
【Case background】
A certain catering company faces fierce competition from the same industry in cost control and profit management.
【question】
1. What measures has the catering company taken in response to competitive pressure?
2. What effect do these measures have on companies responding to competition?
[reference answer]
1. Countermeasures:
Optimize cost structure and improve cost control capabilities;
Improve product quality and create differentiated competitive advantages;
Strengthen marketing promotion and increase brand awareness;
Establish a sound performance appraisal system to stimulate employee enthusiasm.
2. Function analysis:
Optimizing cost structure helps improve corporate profitability;
Improving product quality can help enhance an enterprise's market competitiveness;
Strengthening marketing promotion can help increase brand awareness and attract more customers;
Build a sound performance
How to restore data in stock trading strategy backtesting?
There are two prices for stocks - the restoration price and the non-restoration price. The trading of stocks is carried out according to the ex-rights price, but the ex-rights price is affected by dividends and share allotments, and the continuity of prices is disrupted. On the contrary, the restoration price eliminates the impact of dividends and allotments and ensures price continuity, but transactions are not conducted according to the restoration price. So in strategy backtesting, which price is the trading signal generated, and what price is the buying and selling behavior based on? If the restoration price is used, should it be used before restoration or after restoration?
Restoration is to restore the stock price and trading volume, draw a stock price trend chart according to the actual rise and fall of the stock, and adjust the trading volume to the same equity caliber. After a stock goes ex-rights or ex-dividend, the stock price changes, but the actual cost does not change. 1. The previous restoration of rights is based on the current price. The calculation formula is: price after rights restoration = (price before rights restoration - cash dividend) ÷ (1 + change ratio of circulating shares); 2. Post-rights restoration is based on the price before rights ex-rights to calculate the market cost price of the stock after ex-rights. The calculation formula is: price after restoration of rights = price before restoration of rights × (1 + change ratio of circulating shares) + cash dividend; 3. The price of non-restoration of rights is the price on that day. 4. Regarding restoration of rights:
(1) Based on the price before restoration (daily use)
Since the previous stock price is based on the current time point after the pre-rights are restored and then participated in the backtest, the stock data of each day in history contains the future information of the stock from then to the present, so the backtest itself contains future functions, and there is an error with the actual prediction. The length of time before the restoration of rights generally cannot exceed 5 years. Because of the restoration of rights, the price base is getting smaller and smaller, and the cumulative calculation error is getting larger and larger.
(2) Based on post-restoration price (rarely used)
If the current price is changed, it is easy to be unable to connect with the simulated market and the real market. A middleware is needed to convert data between the real market and the real market.
In fact, the pre-righting price introduces a future function. For a strategy based on price factors, the pre-righting method is problematic. For backtesting, the standard method should be as close to the actual transaction situation as possible, and trade according to the non-rights price, so as to avoid the use of future functions to the greatest extent. Then, the background processing mechanism of the backtest can realize the automatic processing of ex-rights and dividends on the ex-rights and ex-dividend dates for the number of shares, the number of account holdings, the stock price, and the cash account dividends.
In the past, when many factories and units were reformed, many workers and friends had experienced the matter of "buying out their seniority." To put it simply, the employer gives a sum of money to terminate the labor relationship with the employees. Many people thought at the time that once the money was taken and signed, the matter was completely over and they would have nothing to do with the employer in the future.
But after ten or twenty years, when I was about to retire and went through the retirement procedures, I realized something was wrong: the compensation I received seemed to be a lot less; the social security I paid during the years I worked was not enough, and was even interrupted for many years; I had obviously worked for more than ten years, but my seniority was underestimated by several years, which directly resulted in a pension loss of several hundred dollars a month.
At this time, many people will feel that it has been so long, the words have been signed, and the money has been taken, they will definitely not come back, and they will only suffer a loss. But I tell you today in the most practical and down-to-earth terms: Buying out the length of service is really not a one-time transaction. Most of the undercalculated money, missed social security payments, and miscalculated length of service can be recovered as long as you follow the rules.
This article does not use difficult official language or professional provisions. It uses words that ordinary people can understand. It explains completely and clearly how to check, how to calculate, who to ask for, and what to prepare, so that everyone can have peace of mind, know that their rights and interests have not been lost, and know how to get them back step by step.
1. Let’s explain the truth first: just because you sign, it doesn’t mean that all your rights are gone.
The most troubling point for many people is: I signed the agreement myself and received the money, can I still find another employer now? Doesn't it count?
Let me explain the most important truth first:
Buying out the length of service essentially means that the company and the employee have agreed to quit and separate. The compensation that the company should pay, the social security that should be paid, and the number of years of service that should be calculated are all required by the state. It cannot be just what the company says, nor can it be deducted casually after signing.
The state has long stipulated that units are not allowed to withhold social security payments from employees, undercount seniority, or withhold compensation in the name of "buying off their seniority." Even if the agreement back then said "I will no longer contact the employer" and "I am responsible for social security", as long as the employer fails to comply with national regulations, these words will not count legally.
For example, if your employer deliberately reduces your length of service, only compensates you based on basic salary, and does not pay you any social security for so many years of work, even if you sign it, the agreement is untenable and you can still ask your employer to get back what belongs to you.
Some people are also worried that it has been more than ten or twenty years, can they still want it?
Don't worry, everyone, there is no saying that social security and length of service cannot be applied for after a certain number of years. As long as you can prove that you worked in this unit that year, you can verify, re-apply and re-pay at any time when you discover it.
To sum it up in one sentence: you can sign it, but the treatment prescribed by the state cannot be less, and it has not affected your rights protection even after so long.
2. The three things that everyone is most likely to suffer from: money, social security, and length of service
Over the years, friends who have bought out their seniority have suffered the most from three things: less compensation, insufficient social security payments, and missed calculations of seniority. I will break it down one by one and explain it in plain English so that everyone can compare and understand it by themselves.
1. Underpayment of compensation: This is the most common and easiest thing to get back
During the buyout that year, the compensation amount given by the employer had a fixed algorithm and was not just a random number given by the employer. Many units take advantage of people's lack of understanding of policies and deliberately give less.
The correct algorithm is very simple:
If you work in the company for one year, you will be given one month’s salary;
If you have worked for more than half a year but less than one year, it will be counted as one year; if you have worked for less than half a year, you will be given half a month’s salary;
The salary here is not the basic salary, but the average of all the money you get throughout the year, including basic salary, bonuses, overtime pay, year-end bonuses, and various subsidies, all calculated together.
But how do many units deceive people?
Obviously you have worked for 15 years, but I only count it as 10 years;
Obviously your monthly income adds up to 5,000 yuan, but the basic salary is only 2,000 yuan.
The probation period, time on waiting list, and time on leave without pay are not directly counted as seniority;
The compensation money is mixed with the resettlement fee and living expenses, and everyone is fooled into saying that this is all.
To give the most practical example:
You have worked for the company for 20 years, and the total income in the year before you resigned averaged 6,000 yuan per month. Then the compensation you deserve is 20 × 6,000 = 120,000 yuan.
But the employer only gives you 3,000 yuan per month, and only gives you 60,000 yuan. The 60,000 yuan less is the money you can legally get back now.
As long as you can show your salary slips, bank statements, and proof of seniority for that year, your employer must make up the difference.
2. Failure to pay social security or breaking off social security: directly affects how much money you will receive when you are old.
Social security, for us people, means pension money and medical money, which are more important than one-time compensation.
Many people didn't pay attention at all when they bought out. The employer just gave them a sum of money, and they didn't pay social security at all during the years they worked, or they stopped paying it for many years. When they were about to retire, they found out after a check that the payment period was not enough, the pension was very small, and the medical insurance did not meet the standard of free life-long insurance.
Here are the two most practical points for you:
First, as long as you work at the company, the company must pay you social security. The buyout agreement cannot exempt you from this responsibility. Regardless of whether it is written in the agreement or not, if the unit fails to pay, it is a violation and it must be repaid.
Second, there is no time limit for social security repayment. It does not mean that repayment cannot be done after 5 or 10 years. As long as the labor relationship can be proved, it can be done now.
Some people may ask: What should I do if my company has already gone bankrupt, closed down, or been cancelled? Don’t be afraid. If this happens, the state has regulations:
If the company goes bankrupt, social security and compensation money will be paid first, before other arrears;
If the unit is canceled before liquidation, the original boss and shareholders will be held responsible;
In fact, if no one is responsible, the social security fund can also help cover the co-ordination part first, so that employees will not suffer losses in vain.
The consequences of not paying enough social security are very real:
If you pay less for pension insurance for a few years, your monthly pension will be several hundred dollars less after retirement, and you will receive it for a lifetime;
If you don’t pay for medical insurance for enough years (20 years for women and 25 years for men in most places), you have to pay for medical treatment after retirement and cannot enjoy lifelong medical insurance;
Unemployment and work-related injuries have not been paid, and all the subsidies that should have been enjoyed that year are not available.
Therefore, if you fail to pay social security or break off social security, you must make up for it. This is a major event related to the rest of your life.
3. Length of service is undercalculated and service breaks: less pension is received because of seniority.
When everyone is planning to retire, they will find that the level of pension depends entirely on the length of service (years of payment). The longer the service period, the higher the pension.
The problem that many people encounter is that they have worked in the company for more than ten years and then pay social security after buying out. The previous years of service have not been taken up and are directly cleared. When retirement is calculated, the pension is much less than others.
Let me explain it clearly to you:
The buyout only terminates the working relationship, and the length of service will not be cleared. The previous length of service and the subsequent years of social security payment must be added together.
For state-owned enterprises and old units, the length of service before establishing a personal social security account with the state can be counted as "deemed payment years", which is equivalent to having already paid social security;
Military service, time spent in the countryside, normal transfers, and time on duty can all be counted as seniority.
The most troublesome situation is: the files are lost, the file materials are incomplete, and the length of service cannot be determined. Don’t panic if this happens, there’s nothing you can do to fix it. As long as you can come up with these things, you can still re-certify your seniority:
Recruitment form and employment registration form for the current year;
Salary slips, bank salary statements;
Work certificate, employment certificate, trade union certificate, attendance sheet;
Certificates from old colleagues in the unit and employment records of the unit kept in the archives;
Relevant documents for unit reform and restructuring.
Nowadays, human resources and social security departments in various places have special channels. As long as the materials can prove that you have worked, you can make up for the missed years of service, and your pension will be recalculated and repaid.
Three or four-step process: no money, less legwork, it can be done step by step
After talking about what you can get back, let’s talk about the most practical steps. There is no charge for the whole process, and there is no need to find connections. Just follow these four steps and ordinary people can do it by themselves.
The first step: do the math yourself and get all the materials.
Before doing things, you should know what you are doing first, and don’t go looking for someone in a haphazard manner.
1. Calculate the compensation difference: Calculate the amount of money you deserve based on "service length
2. Check social security: Use your mobile phone to log in to the national social security service platform and local social security APP, you can check how many years you have paid and which month you have not paid, and print it out;
3. Check the length of service: Check how many years you have worked from joining the company to the time of buyout, and whether there are any gaps in the file.
Materials that must be found (don’t throw away old things at home):
Employment, recruitment, labor contract and other things proving that you work here;
Salary slips, bank statements, and bonus records;
The buyout agreement signed that year and the proof of receiving the money;
Social security payment records and relevant materials in files.
You can find the original materials if you can't find them. If you can't find them, you can go to your unit, archives, or human resources and social security bureau to have them copied and stamped, and they will still work.
Step 2: Discuss with the original unit first. It is easiest to resolve the matter privately.
If the original unit is still there, or it has been changed to another company, and there is a superior supervisory unit, go to them first to communicate.
No need to argue, just say it honestly:
How much was the undercompensation that year?
How many years have you not paid social security?
Which period of service is omitted?
Briefly explain the policy and show them the materials. It's best if we can discuss it well. Be sure to write the agreement in writing, sign it and seal it. Don't rely on verbal promises.
If the unit ignores you and pushes back or blocks you, just take the next step.
Step Three: Complain for free! Ask the Labor Inspection Brigade for help
This step is completely free and is a channel specifically used by the state to help ordinary people get their labor benefits back. You just need to bring your ID card and all the documents to the local labor and social security inspection brigade and fill out a complaint form. You can also directly call the 12333 Human Resources and Social Security hotline to ask what to do locally first, and then submit the materials online or offline.
The labor inspection department will take the initiative to find the unit to verify, forcing the unit to make up money, pay social security, and cooperate in determining seniority. If your unit doesn't cooperate, they will punish you directly, so you don't have to push yourself every day.
Step Four: The Last Step of Protection: Arbitration and Courts
If the previous methods are useless, or the company has been bankrupt and canceled long ago, you can go to labor arbitration or court.
Arbitration is also free. Apply to the local labor and personnel dispute arbitration committee;
If you are not satisfied with the arbitration result, go to court to sue;
If you have retired and are unable to make up social security contributions, you can ask your employer to compensate for the loss of pensions and medical insurance.
You don’t have to worry about the time limit. There is no saying that social security and seniority matters cannot be handled after a certain period of time. Even if you find out after retirement, you can still handle them.
4. The truth that must be remembered: Do not step into pitfalls when doing things in 2026
Based on the latest implementation situation, I would like to give you some of the most critical and practical reminders to prevent everyone from running and working in vain.
1. There is no national unified policy for checking the length of service, so it is more reliable to take the initiative yourself.
There is no talk about the issue of buying out seniority during the national unified census. You don’t have to wait or rely on it. You can find the problem yourself and handle it according to the process. This is the most reliable and fastest way.
2. Signing does not count. In these cases, the agreement is useless.
As long as any of the following situations occurs, the buyout agreement signed that year will not count, and you can still protect your rights:
Your employer forces you to sign or scares you into signing;
The money given is much less than the national regulations, which is obviously unfair;
The agreement states that you will give up social security and seniority, but the country does not recognize it;
The employer did not tell you the true policy and deliberately tricked you into signing it.
3. Even if the unit is gone or the name is changed, someone will still be responsible.
Unit restructuring and merger: Find the new unit you are taking over;
Company bankruptcy: contact the bankruptcy liquidation team;
Cancellation of the unit: Find the original boss and shareholders;
Old state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises: contact the superior authority.
4. The service details are different in each place, so call first to ask.
How to supplement social security and how to determine length of service, the details will be a little different in each city. Before doing anything, be sure to call 12333 to find out what you need to bring, where to go, and who to ask for help. This will save you a lot of unnecessary trips.
5. Don’t throw away old materials. The longer they last, the more valuable they will be.
Wage slips, work certificates, buyout agreements, copies of files, these old things at home, must not be thrown away as waste. These are the most critical evidence for your work. It will be very troublesome to replace them if they are lost.
5. Three little things you can do now without waiting or procrastinating
Don’t think it’s troublesome to protect your rights. Starting today, do the three simplest things first, and you will be able to straighten things out over time:
1. Take out your mobile phone and check your social security payment records to see if you have broken off social security or paid less;
2. Go through old boxes and cabinets at home, find out the salary slips, agreements, and work certificates from that year, and organize them;
3. Call 12333 and find out what city you are in and how to handle social security supplementary payment and length of service determination.
After doing these three little things, you will find that actually safeguarding your rights is not complicated at all. Everything is done according to the rules. As long as you have all the materials, you can get it done.
Many of my friends who bought out their seniority at that time are people who have dedicated most of their lives to the factory and the company. They work diligently and should not lose their legitimate rights and interests in vain because they do not understand the policies and regulations.
Buying out your seniority is never a one-and-done deal. The money you were underpaid, the social security you didn’t pay, and the seniority you missed are not old debts that cannot be recovered, but the protection that the state clearly stipulates and must give you. No matter how many years have passed, whether the company is still there or not, as long as you want to protect your rights and interests, there are channels, methods, and policy support.
There is no need for you to feel embarrassed or to think that you are looking for trouble. Getting back the treatment you deserve is a legitimate and legal matter. I hope that every friend who has experienced a buyout of service length can understand their rights and interests, get back the money they should get, make up for the social security that should be paid, and recognize the years of service that should be calculated, so that their later life will be more solid and secure.
Have you or a family member ever experienced a buyout? Did you encounter situations in which you received less compensation, failed to pay social security, or missed the calculation of your length of service? Do you think the most difficult thing when defending rights is finding old materials, asking about policies, or communicating with the unit? In your area, are there any simple and convenient ways to supplement social security payments and determine length of service? Welcome to share it and help more friends in need.
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