Jinhua Vocational and Technical College's 2014 Independent Enrollment Charter Chapter 1 General Provisions Article 1 is to ensure the smooth progress of Jinhua Vocational and Technical College's independent enrollment and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of candidates.
1. Training goals
Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we will cultivate all-round development of moral, intellectual, physical, artistic and labor skills, master solid and comprehensive basic theories, systematic and in-depth expertise, and scientific and solid research methods in this discipline or professional field, have the ability to independently engage in academic research, promote the development and progress of disciplines, or undertake professional practical work, and be top-notch innovative talents who have made innovative achievements and played an important role in academic research or professional practice.
2. Enrollment methods
There are four ways to recruit doctoral students: master's and doctoral programs, continuous master's and doctoral programs, application assessment, and general admissions examination. The admission brochure for master's and doctoral students will be notified separately.
Candidates who applied for master's degree through master's degree, master's degree with Ph.D., or application assessment but were not admitted can still take the general admission examination.
3. Application conditions
(1) Applicants should be citizens of the People's Republic of China, support the leadership of the Communist Party of China, have the correct political direction, love the motherland, abide by laws and regulations, and have good conduct;
(2) Be physically and mentally healthy and meet the physical examination and psychological test standards for doctoral candidates of our school;
(3) Have certain scientific research potential, and have written recommendations from two professors (or persons with equivalent professional and technical titles) related to the major you are applying for. One of them should be the supervisor of the doctoral candidates applying. The "Expert Recommendation Letter for Postgraduate Students Applying for Doctoral Studies at Shandong University of Finance and Economics" can be downloaded from our school's graduate admissions information website.
(4) Applicants of all types should also meet the following conditions:
1. Master and Ph.D. program
(1) Second-year master’s degree students in our school’s full-time academic program;
(2) Have excellent political quality and good moral character, and have not been subject to disciplinary action while in school;
(3) Complete all postgraduate courses according to the training plan, obtain required credits, have an average score of no less than 85 points in the master's degree courses, and no less than 70 points in any single subject, and have no record of retakes or make-up examinations;
(4) Have strong foreign language ability, with a national College English (CET) Band 6 test score of 425 points, or a master's degree entrance examination English score of 60 points, or a TOEFL score of 80 points, or an IELTS score of 5.5, or a GRE score of 300 points;
(5) During the period of master's degree, use Shandong University of Finance and Economics as the first signing unit and the first author (or my master's tutor is the first author and I am the second author) and publish at least 1 professional academic paper in a B-level journal specified in the "Shandong University of Finance and Economics Academic Journal Catalog" during the same period. , the published papers should be in the applied discipline or similar to the applied discipline, and the Chinese journals must be CSSCI or CSCD source journals and extended editions (excluding supplements and supplements), and foreign language journals must obtain SSCI, SCI, EI (journal) retrieval certificates (based on the publication date of the article);
(6) The first-level disciplines for the applied major and the major for master’s degree should be the same. Those with particularly excellent overall quality can apply across first-level disciplines, but cannot apply across disciplines;
(7) The applicant must be under 30 years old when enrolling at the doctoral level (born after August 31, 1996).
2. Apply for assessment
(1) Have a nationally recognized master’s degree or academic qualifications, or a recent master’s degree graduate (must obtain a nationally recognized master’s degree or academic qualifications before enrolling in the year of admission);
(2) In the past three years (from January 1, 2023 to the application registration time), as the first author (or my master's supervisor is the first author and I am the second author), I have published at least 1 professional academic paper in a B-level journal specified in the "Shandong University of Finance and Economics Academic Journal Classification Catalog" during the same period Articles, the published papers should be in the applied discipline or similar to the applied discipline, and the Chinese journals must be CSSCI or CSCD source journals (excluding extended editions, supplements, supplements), and foreign language journals must obtain SSCI, SCI, EI (journal) retrieval certificates (based on the publication date of the article);
(3) Have a high level of foreign language proficiency, with a National College English (CET) Band 6 test score of 425 points, or a TOEFL score of 80 points, or an IELTS score of 5.5, or a GRE score of 300 points;
(4) The master’s major should be the same as, similar to or a basic discipline as the doctoral major applied for;
(5) In principle, the age at the time of admission to the doctoral program is under 35 years old (born after August 31, 1991).
3. General recruitment examination
(1) Have a nationally recognized master’s degree or academic qualifications, or a recent master’s degree graduate (must obtain a nationally recognized master’s degree or academic qualifications before enrolling in the year of admission);
(2) The national College English Test (CET) Band 6 test score reaches 425 points, or the TOEFL score reaches 80 points, or the IELTS score reaches 5.5 points, or the GRE score reaches 300 points;
(3) The applicant must be under 35 years old when enrolling for the doctoral program (born after August 31, 1991).
4. Enrollment plan and enrollment majors
In 2026, our school plans to recruit no less than 64 doctoral students (including master's and doctoral programs, combined master's and doctoral programs, application assessment and general admissions). The actual enrollment plan is based on the indicators issued by the Ministry of Education that year. Candidates must contact the college and instructor to confirm whether there is an enrollment plan before applying.
For details of the enrollment majors and supervisor information, please refer to the "Shandong University of Finance and Economics 2026 Doctoral Admissions Major Catalog". Our school adopts a tutor group collaborative training mechanism. During the enrollment stage, the main tutor performs relevant responsibilities on behalf of the tutor group.
5. Enrollment categories
Our school only recruits full-time non-directed doctoral students who are within the basic study period and can study full-time on campus.
6. Registration and confirmation
(1) Registration time
1. The registration period for master’s and doctoral programs and application assessment is from January 20 to February 28, 2026.
2. The registration period for the general recruitment examination is: January 20 to March 30, 2026.
(2) Registration procedure
1. Candidates log in to our school’s graduate admissions information website, enter the doctoral student registration system to register (system URL: http://pas.sdufe.edu.cn/), and submit relevant materials as required;
2. The college will review the candidate’s information. After passing the review, the candidate will confirm the payment. The registration fee is 220 yuan per person. Candidates who have not confirmed their payment will be deemed to have automatically given up their qualifications to take the exam. If they give up their application due to personal reasons after their payment is confirmed, no refund will be given.
(3) Submit materials
Please submit the following materials in the registration system:
1. "Shandong University of Finance and Economics Application Form for Master's and Doctoral Studies" or "Shandong University of Finance and Economics Doctoral Admissions "Application Assessment" Information Form" can be downloaded from our school's graduate admissions information website; or "Shandong University of Finance and Economics' Doctoral Admissions Ordinary Admissions Application Form" can be printed through our school's doctoral student registration system. Before printing, you must upload your electronic photo as required, and you must sign for confirmation after printing.
2. Scanned copy of ID card.
3. Candidates applying for assessment and general admissions must provide scanned copies of the original master's degree certificate and graduation certificate. Fresh master's degree graduates can first submit the certificate provided by the degree-granting unit. Before admission, they must submit copies of the master's degree certificate and graduation certificate, otherwise they will be disqualified from admission;
4. "Expert Recommendation Letter for Doctoral Students Applying for Shandong University of Finance and Economics" (downloaded from our school's graduate admissions information website) filled out by two professors (or persons with equivalent professional and technical titles) related to the subject major you are applying for, one of whom should be the supervisor of the applying doctoral student;
5. Ideological and political quality and moral character assessment form (downloaded from our school’s graduate admissions information website);
6. Original master's degree course transcript (provided by the graduate training department and stamped with the official seal, or copied from the personal archives management department and stamped with the official seal);
7. National College English Test (CET) Band 6 test score card, or TOEFL, IELTS, GRE score card;
8. Materials proving academic level and scientific research ability (academic papers, scientific research awards, etc.).
Candidates who do not confirm or fail the qualification review will not be admitted.
7. Assessment
(1) Combined master’s and doctoral studies, application assessment
The assessment time will be early March 2026, and the specific time, location and method will be notified separately.
Assessment methods include interviews, ideological and political quality and moral character assessments, and psychological tests.
1.Interview
A comprehensive examination of the candidates' professional knowledge, foreign language proficiency, research ability and overall quality.
2. Assessment of ideological and political quality and moral character
It mainly tests candidates' political attitude, study (work) situation, moral character, compliance with laws and regulations, honesty and trustworthiness, etc. This assessment does not quantify the results, but only evaluates whether the students are qualified or not. Those who fail will not be admitted.
3. Psychological testing
This assessment does not quantify the results, but only evaluates whether the students are qualified or not. Those who fail will not be admitted.
(2) General recruitment examination
1． written examination
(1) The written examination is expected to be held in late April 2026, and the specific time and location will be notified separately.
(2) For details of the written examination subjects, please refer to the "Shandong University of Finance and Economics 2026 Doctoral Admissions Major Catalog".
(3) The duration of each subject in the written examination is 3 hours.
2.Interview
The school determines the basic requirements for entering the interview based on the regulations of the Ministry of Education and the candidates' written examination performance. Only candidates who meet the basic requirements are eligible to participate in the interview. The interview content includes spoken English (including professional English), listening test, professional knowledge, research ability and overall quality, etc. The interview time will be notified later.
3. Assessment of ideological and political quality and moral character
It mainly tests candidates' political attitude, study (work) situation, moral character, compliance with laws and regulations, honesty and trustworthiness, etc. This assessment does not quantify the results, but only evaluates whether the students are qualified or not. Those who fail will not be admitted.
4. Psychological testing
Candidates participating in the interview must take a psychological test. This assessment does not quantify the results, but only evaluates whether the students are qualified or not. Those who fail will not be admitted.
8. Physical examination
All candidates are required to take a physical examination. The physical examination standards are implemented in accordance with the "Guiding Opinions on Physical Examination for General College Admissions" issued by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health, and the China Disabled Persons' Federation (Teaching Hall No. 3) and the "Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Education and the General Office of the Ministry of Health on Issues Concerning the Cancellation of Hepatitis B Testing in the Physical Examination of Admissions Students to General Colleges and Universities" (Teaching Hall No. 2). Those who fail the physical examination will not be admitted.
9. Admission
(1) The school will make a comprehensive judgment based on the enrollment plan issued by the state, taking into account the review and evaluation results of candidates’ application materials, written test and interview scores, ideological and political quality and moral quality assessment, psychological tests and physical examination results, etc., and determine the proposed admission list in accordance with the principle of “comprehensive measurement of moral, intellectual, physical, artistic and labor, selective admissions, quality assurance, and preferring deficiencies over excess.”
(2) All academic degree doctoral students to be admitted must transfer their personnel files, organizational relationships, and salary relationships to our school within the specified time, otherwise their admission qualifications will be cancelled.
(3) The school will uniformly report all candidates to be admitted to the Ministry of Education for admission inspection. After passing the admission examination, an admission notice will be issued.
(4) Candidates for the "Master and Doctoral Program" will no longer be issued a master's degree diploma and a master's degree certificate. If a student fails to pass the mid-term assessment of a doctoral student or is not suitable for further training according to the standards of a doctoral student, upon the recommendation of the supervisor, the consent of the school, and the approval of the school, the student can be transferred to a master's degree program, and his or her doctoral supervisor will continue to perform the responsibilities of guiding the student.
10. Years of study
The basic study period is 4 years, and the maximum study period does not exceed 6 years. Those who meet the graduation requirements can graduate one year early.
11. Tuition fees
According to national regulations, all doctoral students are required to pay tuition fees, and the fee standard is 10,000 yuan per year for each person with an academic degree. If there is any adjustment, the charging standards will be implemented in accordance with the latest documents of the superior department.
12. Awards and grants
According to relevant national regulations, doctoral students admitted to our school (except those with fixed income) can apply for scholarships and grants. For details, please refer to the rules and regulations section of the website of the Party Committee Student Affairs Department https://student.sdufe.edu.cn/gzzd.htm.
13. Handling violations
(1) Candidates who violate regulations or cheat in the doctoral admissions examination will be severely dealt with in accordance with the "Education Law of the People's Republic of China" and the "Measures for Handling Violations in National Education Examinations". If the circumstances are particularly serious, they may be suspended from participating in various national education examinations for 1 to 3 years. Current students who cheat will be punished by their school in accordance with relevant regulations, up to and including expulsion; for in-service candidates who cheat, the candidate's unit will be notified, and the candidate's unit will impose party or political sanctions depending on the circumstances. If a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be investigated by judicial organs in accordance with the law.
(2) For those who commit fraud, their qualifications for application, admission or student status will be canceled in accordance with relevant regulations at any time upon verification.
(3) In accordance with the provisions of the "Measures for Handling Violations of National Education Examinations", our school will record the candidates' violations or cheating in the "National Education Examination Candidates' Integrity File", notify the relevant schools or units of the candidates, and record them in the candidates' personnel files as an important reference for their future further education and employment.
14. Others
(1) Our school does not provide any review materials related to the doctoral entrance examination, nor does it hold any form of tutoring classes.
(2) Candidates are requested to pay attention to the Shandong University of Finance and Economics graduate admissions information website http://yjszs.sdufe.edu.cn in a timely manner to obtain the latest information related to our school's doctoral admissions.
(3) If there is any matter not covered in this brochure or if there is any conflict with the relevant documents and policies of superiors, the relevant documents and policies shall prevail.
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1. General Provisions of Chapter 1 of Jinhua Vocational and Technical College’s 2014 Independent Enrollment Charter. Article 1: In order to ensure the smooth progress of Jinhua Vocational and Technical College’s independent enrollment and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of candidates, in accordance with the relevant regulations and requirements of the Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province on the independent enrollment of higher vocational and technical colleges, we will comprehensively promote quality education, actively explore new selection models, and better select students suitable for higher vocational education. This charter is formulated based on the specific conditions of the independent enrollment of our school. Article 2 In accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Education and the Zhejiang Provincial Education Examination Authority, a system in which the Zhejiang Provincial Education Examination Authority supervises and schools are responsible shall be implemented, and admissions shall be made on the basis of merit based on the principles of openness, fairness and impartiality. Article 3 Adhere to the "six disclosures and six no-accuracies" system, implement the Sunshine Enrollment Project, promptly, accurately and comprehensively disclose information related to independent enrollment, accept the supervision of the whole society, and effectively protect the candidates' rights to fair competition. Chapter 2 Organizational Structure Article 4 The school is independently established
2. The admissions leadership group is responsible for formulating admissions policies and discussing and deciding on major admissions matters. Under the leadership group, there is an independent enrollment office, which is responsible for the daily work of independent enrollment. Article 5: Establish working groups such as examination administration, admissions, security, and logistics support to assist the office in various tasks of independent enrollment. Article 6 The independent enrollment work is carried out under the full supervision of the school's Discipline Inspection Commission. The office phone number of the independent enrollment discipline inspection team is Chapter 3. Enrollment majors, plans and charging standards. Article 7. Enrollment majors, candidate categories, enrollment plans, academic systems and charging standards are as follows: Major (category) name Candidate category Special enrollment plan Academic fee standard (yuan/school year) Municipal Engineering Technology Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 45 Three years 6000 Architectural Design Technology (China-Australia Cooperation) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 70 Three years 15000 Medical Marketing Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 45 Three years 550
3. 0 E-commerce (Entrepreneurship Class) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 45 Three years 6000 Accounting (China-U.S. Cooperation) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 50 Three years 15000 Media Planning and Management Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 203 years 5000 Sports Service and Management (Sino-US Cooperation) General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 75 Three years 15000 Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 60 Three years tuition-free Pet Medicine General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 45 Three years 600 0 Horticulture Technology Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 45 Three-year Tuition-free Green Food Production and Inspection Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 45 Three-year Tuition-free Urban Garden Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 65 Three-year 6000 Tourism Management (Including Tourism Tourism Management, Scenic Spot Development and Management Major) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 65 Three Years 6000 Hotel Management (China-Canada Cooperation) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 70 Three Years 15000 Pharmaceutical and Inspection (Including Industrial Environmental Protection and Safety Technology
4., Materials Engineering Technology, Chemical Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutical Technology (Biopharmaceutical), Biopharmaceutical Technology (Pharmaceutical Preparations), Industrial Analysis and Quality Management, Environmental Monitoring and Emission Reduction Technology Majors) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 350 Three years for Biopharmaceutical Technology major 5500, other majors 6000 International Business Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 90 Three years 6000 Electronics (including applied electronic technology, medical electronic instruments and maintenance majors) Ordinary high school Science major: 70 years, 6000 in computer science (including computer network technology, e-commerce majors) Ordinary college entrance examination, science in 80 years, 6000 in mechanical engineering (including mechanical manufacturing and automation, industrial design) Ordinary college entrance examination, science in 135, three years in mechanical manufacturing and automation, 5300, industrial design major, 6000 Art education (normal) Ordinary college entrance examination, art class, 15 years in three years, 6000 in art design (including art design, environmental art design, clothing design, etc.)
5. Chinese Ancient Architectural Engineering Technology Major) Ordinary College Entrance Examination Art Class 120 Three-year Art Design, Environmental Art Design, Fashion Design Major 6600, Chinese Ancient Architectural Engineering Technology Major 6000 CNC Technology Higher Vocational Single Examination Single Admission (Secondary Vocational School) Mechanical Class 45 Three Years 6000 Art Design Higher Vocational Single Examination Single Admission (Secondary Vocational School) Arts and Crafts Class 25 Three Years 6600 Computer (including Computer Network Technology, E-Commerce Major) Higher Vocational Single Examination Single Admission (Secondary Vocational School) ) 6000 in tourism management category in 30 years (including tourism management, scenic spot development and management majors) single-entry examination in higher vocational colleges (secondary vocational schools) 6000 in pharmaceutical and inspection categories in 25 years (including industrial environmental protection and safety technology, materials engineering technology, chemical pharmaceutical technology, biopharmaceutical technology (biopharmaceuticals), biopharmaceutical technology (drug preparations), industrial analysis and quality management, environmental monitoring and emission reduction technology majors) single-entry examination in higher vocational colleges (secondary vocational schools) chemical industry (environmental protection) category,
6. Pharmacy 203-year biopharmaceutical technology major 5500, other majors 6000 Automobile manufacturing and assembly technology (Zhongtai class) Ordinary college entrance examination science 45-3 years 6000 Note: 1 The category of candidates is based on the college entrance examination category where the candidates registered for the 2014 general college entrance examination or higher vocational college entrance examination. 2 If the charging standards in Table 1 are adjusted, they shall be subject to the approval of the higher-level price department. Chapter 4 Application Conditions, Registration Time and Method Article 8 High school graduates who meet the application requirements for the 2014 General College Entrance Examination or Higher Vocational Single Examination and Single Recruitment, have gone through the registration procedures for the General College Entrance Examination or Higher Vocational Single Examination and Single Recruitment, and have physical conditions that meet the professional requirements (each candidate is limited to one self-enrolled higher vocational college). Article 9 The registration time is from 8:00 am on March 10, 2014 to 16:00 pm on March 21, 2014. Article 10 The registration method is online registration or on-site registration at the school. Each candidate can only fill in one major (category).
7.) Volunteer. Online registration: Candidates can log in to our school's admissions website ( ) from 16:00 on March 10, 2014 to 16:00 on March 21, 2014 to inquire about the admissions policies, registration methods and precautions, and accurately enter personal registration information as required, fill in and print the Jinhua Vocational and Technical College 2014 Independent Enrollment Registration Form. On-site registration: Candidates can also register on-site at the Admissions and Employment Office of our school on March 10, 2014 and March 21, 2014 (8:00 to 11:30 am, 14:00 to 16:00 pm). Article 11 Candidates who participate in our school’s independent admissions examination must pay a registration examination fee of 110 yuan (for specific payment methods and requirements, please see our school’s online admissions notice). Article 12 Candidates who participate in our school's independent enrollment will go to the school at 7:30 to 17:30 on March 28, 2014 to confirm the registration information on site and receive the admission ticket.
8. Certificate; Candidates who have not been confirmed on site will be deemed to have given up automatically and will not be allowed to take the exam. The following materials are required for on-site confirmation (copies in A4 paper format): 1. Jinhua Vocational and Technical College 2014 Independent Enrollment Registration Form stamped with the name of the candidate’s school (including a letter of commitment to the integrity test signed by the candidate). 2. The candidate’s original ID card and a copy. 3. Application materials for extra points for quality and specialty: Candidates who meet the application conditions for quality and specialty must submit relevant certificates, original certificates, and a copy (must be stamped with the name of the school) at the on-site confirmation, and fill in the application form for extra points for quality and specialty for independent enrollment in Jinhua Vocational and Technical College; candidates who apply for extra points for sports quality and specialty and who are required to participate in track and field and swimming quality and specialty tests must provide award certificates, competition order books, and score books; Failure to submit relevant materials and fill in the application form at the time of on-site confirmation will be regarded as
9. Automatically give up bonus points for quality and expertise. 4. Candidates who apply for the Automobile Manufacturing and Assembly Technology (Zhongtai Class) must sign a tripartite agreement on study and employment with the school and the enterprise. 5. The materials and registration fees submitted by candidates will not be refunded. Chapter 5 Examination (Test) Article 13 The culture test time is March 29, 2014, 8:30-11:30 am. The subjects are Chinese, Mathematics, and English. Each subject is worth 100 points, and the total score is 300 points. The comprehensive quality test time is March 29, 2014, with a total score of 300 points. For specific test content and methods, please refer to the test plan published on our school’s admissions website. Article 14 Bonus Points for Quality and Specialty 1. Bonus points for candidates’ quality and specialty are divided into two categories: First, the candidate has obtained corresponding honors in high school. After the candidate’s application for bonus points for quality and specialty, the admissions team will conduct preliminary review and submit it to the school’s independent admissions leadership group for review.
10. Post-verification determination. Second, candidates who apply to participate in the track and field and swimming on-site tests organized by the school, and whose scores meet the prescribed standards, will be determined after review by the school’s independent admissions leadership group. 2. Bonus points for different qualities and specialties can be accumulated; bonus points for the same quality and specialty will be the highest. Candidates who have won the second prize or above in the Zhejiang Provincial Vocational College Skills Competition will have no more than 80 points for their quality and expertise, and other candidates will have no more than 50 points for their quality and expertise. 3. The bonus points items, standards and values for qualities and specialties will be announced separately on our school’s admissions website. Chapter 6 Total Score Composition and Calculation Article 15 The weight coefficients of cultural examination scores and comprehensive quality test scores are shown in the following table: Professional (category) name Candidate category Cultural examination score weight coefficient Comprehensive quality test scores Weight coefficient Municipal Engineering Technology General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Architectural Design Technology (China-Australia Cooperation) General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Medical Marketing General College Entrance Examination (
11. Arts and Sciences) 0.81.2 E-commerce (Entrepreneurship Class) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts and Science) 0.81.2 Accounting (Sino-US Cooperation) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts and Science) 0.81.2 Media Planning and Management Ordinary College Entrance Exam Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Sports Service and Management (China-US Cooperation) General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Pet Medicine General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Horticulture Technology General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Green Food Production and Inspection General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Urban Garden General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Tourism Management (including tourism management, scenic spot development and management majors) General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Hotel Management (China-Canada Cooperation) General College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Pharmaceutical and Inspection Category (including industrial environmental protection and safety technology, materials engineering technology, chemical pharmaceutical technology, biopharmaceutical technology (biopharmaceutical), Biopharmaceutical technology (drug preparations), industrial analysis and quality
12. Management, Environmental Monitoring and Emission Reduction Technology Major) Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 International Business Ordinary College Entrance Examination (Arts, Science) 11 Electronics (including applied electronic technology, medical electronic instruments and maintenance majors) Ordinary College Entrance Examination Science 11 Computer (including computer network technology, e-commerce major) Ordinary College Entrance Examination Science 11 Mechanical (including machinery manufacturing and automation, industrial design) Ordinary College Entrance Examination Science 11 Art Education (Normal College) Ordinary College Entrance Examination Art 0.81. 2 Art design category (including art design, environmental art design, fashion design, and Chinese ancient architectural engineering technology majors) Ordinary college entrance examination Art category 0.81.2 CNC technology Higher vocational single examination single admission (secondary vocational school) Mechanical category 0.81.2 Art design higher vocational single examination single admission (secondary vocational school) Arts and crafts category 0.81.2 Computer category (including computer network technology, e-commerce major) Higher vocational single examination single admission (secondary vocational school) 0.81.2 Tourism management category (including tourism management,
13. Scenic area development and management major) Single examination for higher vocational education (secondary vocational school) 11 Pharmaceutical and inspection categories (including industrial environmental protection and safety technology, materials engineering technology, chemical pharmaceutical technology, biopharmaceutical technology (biopharmaceutical), biopharmaceutical technology (drug preparations), industrial analysis and quality management, environmental monitoring and emission reduction technology major) Single examination for higher vocational education (secondary vocational school) Chemical Engineering (Environmental Protection), Pharmacy 11 Automobile Manufacturing and Assembly Technology (Zhongtai Class) Ordinary College Entrance Examination Science 11 Article 16 The converted score of the Middle School Academic Proficiency Test (Huikao) is calculated based on the candidate's Chinese, Mathematics and English Huikao examination grades according to the conversion method in the table below (total score 150 points). High school entrance examination grade conversion score table High school entrance exam grade ABCPE converted score 504535200 Note: Middle school academic proficiency test (high school entrance examination) grades are based on the data provided by the Zhejiang Provincial Education Examination Authority. Article 17 Calculation of total score Total score of general high school students = middle school academic proficiency test (
14. College Entrance Examination) converted score + cultural test score X cultural test score weight coefficient + comprehensive quality test score Chapter 7 Admissions Article 18 Physical health requirements shall be handled with reference to the Guiding Opinions on Physical Examination for General Universities Admissions in Zhejiang Province. If a candidate's physical examination meets the conditions of "the school may deny admission", the school will implement the policy of "deny admission". Article 19 According to the actual implementation plan of the major, among the candidates who meet the admission qualifications, the list of candidates to be admitted will be determined from high scores to low scores. It will be published on the school admissions website and the Zhejiang Provincial Education Examination website for 10 working days. Article 20 If there is no doubt after the proposed admission list is announced, the official admission list will be determined and reported to Zhejiang Province
15. The Education Examination Authority will register and publish the official admission list on our school’s admissions website. Article 21 Candidates who are admitted are not allowed to take the unified single-entrance examination and single-recruitment examination for general colleges and universities or higher vocational colleges that year. Candidates who are not admitted can take the unified single-entrance examination and single-recruitment entrance examination for general colleges and universities or higher vocational colleges in June, and their normal admission will not be affected. Article 22 Other Notes 1. Fraction calculation shall be rounded to two decimal places. If the total scores are the same during pre-admission, priority will be given to candidates with higher bonus points for quality and specialty; if there are no bonus points for quality and specialty or if the bonus points for quality and specialty are the same, priority will be given to candidates with higher total scores in the comprehensive quality test; if the total scores in the comprehensive quality test are the same, candidates with higher scores in the Chinese language test will be given priority; if their Chinese scores are the same, priority will be given to candidates with higher math scores in the cultural test; if all scores are the same, they will be admitted at the same time. 2. If the actual reference number cannot be reached
16. For majors (categories) with 1.2 times the number of enrollment plans (majors (categories) that recruit both individual candidates and ordinary college entrance examination candidates are calculated separately), the enrollment plan will be adjusted. The actual plan for this major (category) will be implemented based on 5/6 of the actual reference number (the decimal point will be calculated according to the round-up method), and the remaining plans will be transferred to the universal college entrance examination plan. 3. Candidates who fail the ideological, political and moral assessment in high school will not be admitted. Chapter 8 Violation of Violations Article 23 Candidates should submit their application in good faith. If they obtain the registration qualification through false reporting, concealment, forgery, alteration of relevant materials or other fraudulent means, they will be disqualified in accordance with relevant regulations. If an admitted student commits any violation of regulations, once verified, his or her admission qualification or admission qualification will be cancelled, and the relevant responsible persons will be dealt with seriously. Other violations will be handled in accordance with the relevant regulations of the general college entrance examination. Chapter 9 Supplementary Provisions Article 24 The school has
17. If the policies and regulations on independent enrollment are inconsistent with this plan, this plan shall prevail; if this plan is inconsistent with the relevant policies of the state and superiors, the relevant policies of the state and superiors shall prevail. Article 25: Candidates admitted through independent enrollment enjoy the same treatment as candidates admitted through the ordinary college entrance examination (single entrance examination for higher vocational colleges). Article 26 This plan will be interpreted by the independent enrollment leading group of Jinhua Vocational and Technical College. Attachment: Jinhua Vocational and Technical College is a public higher vocational and technical college established in 1994 with the approval of the Ministry of Education. It has a history of more than 100 years and is now a national model higher vocational college. The school is located in Jinhua City, covering an area of 2,216 acres, and has a beautiful campus environment. It currently has 1,308 faculty members, including 96 with senior professional titles and 325 with associate senior professional titles. It has 79 majors and more than 24,000 full-time students. The school pays attention to the cultivation of professional abilities and the sustainable development of students. It is one of the top 50 institutions with typical employment experience for college graduates in the country in 2010-2011. Full name of the school: Jinhua Vocational and Technical College (School Ministry Code: 12061) School address: No. 1188 Wuzhou Street, Jinhua City (Postal code: 321017) School level: Section) Academic Certificate The school has been approved to have higher vocational education enrollment qualifications and is awarded full-time higher vocational school (technical school website: , school admissions website: consultation phone fax: professional consultation: see the professional consultation phone number published on our school admissions website
Please use your golden finger to get rich, like and go around, you will become rich forever, follow it and like it, it is difficult even if you don’t want to become rich
CCTV's first sister Ouyang Xiadan suddenly disappeared from the screen, and netizens were furious!
Some said she was hidden, others speculated she was in trouble.
All kinds of speculations are flying all over the place.
However, the truth surprised everyone: it turned out that this excellent host had been "hiding" for 28 years!
Her disappearance was not because of any shocking incident, but to protect the most important person in her life - her mother.
This story is definitely the most touching "hidden" word secret of the year!
The truth comes out. Ouyang Xiadan's "disappearance" this time is not earth-shattering news.
It turned out that her mother's condition had worsened again, and this CCTV girl chose to go home to take care of her without saying a word.
This move simply staged a "drama of filial piety" in today's society!
Speaking of which, Ouyang Xiadan's filial piety is not something that happens in a day or two.
Looking back on 28 years ago, when she was 16 years old, she experienced the "first lesson" of life.
At that time, her father was suddenly diagnosed with cancer, and the bad news hit the whole family like a bolt from the blue.
Little Ouyang suddenly changed from a carefree little princess to the "backbone" of the family.
Imagine that a little girl who has just entered high school suddenly has to shoulder such a big burden. Anyone else would be confused, right?
But Ouyang Xiadan was not an ordinary person, she gritted her teeth and endured it.
In order to reduce her mother's burden, she began to live frugally and save all her pocket money to supplement the family's income.
After school, I have to rush to the hospital to take care of my father. This operation is simply "student + filial daughter" two in one!
To be honest, if I encountered this situation, I would probably collapse.
But Ouyang Xiadan became more and more courageous as if he had been given a shot of chicken blood.
With this sense of responsibility and maturity, it is no exaggeration to say that she is "someone else's child".
Now history is repeating itself. Faced with his mother's illness, Ouyang Xiadan once again chose family without hesitation.
Some people may say: "Isn't it just taking care of your parents? What's the big deal?"
But brothers and sisters, think about it, Ouyang Xiadan is a pillar of CCTV!
Her every move touches the hearts of countless viewers.
At the peak of her career, she chose to "disappear". This courage and determination are really awe-inspiring.
To be honest, if it were me, I would be too troubled to sleep.
Ouyang Xiadan used practical actions to explain what "a child wants to support but cannot be cared for".
Her choice may puzzle some people, but more people will be moved by it.
In this era when the word "filial piety" is getting less and less popular, Ouyang Xiadan's behavior is undoubtedly a loud slap in the face and wakes up many people.
I have to say that this CCTV first lady is not only great at hosting, but she is also a textbook level in terms of filial piety.
With her 28 years of persistence, she taught us a vivid life lesson.
Speaking of Ouyang Xiadan's success, it is not a big red envelope given to her by God.
The growth path of this CCTV star is simply a living inspirational blockbuster!
Do you still remember the story about that math problem when she was in elementary school? It’s simply a childhood shadow-making machine!
At that time, little Ouyang filled in the answers at will in order to finish his homework quickly and go out to play.
As a result, he was caught red-handed by his stern father, and the scene was quite embarrassing.
I'm afraid this scene brought back many people's childhood memories, right?
But it was this strict education that laid a solid foundation for Ouyang Xiadan's future success.
In high school, Ouyang Xiadan became famous at the campus radio station.
At that time, she probably never dreamed that one day she would become the "national face" of CCTV, right?
But fate played a big joke on her.
When filling out her application for the college entrance examination, she was caught in a dilemma: Should she choose the broadcasting major she loved, or choose an "iron rice bowl"?
This multiple-choice question is probably more difficult to solve than the college entrance examination mathematics!
At this critical moment, Ouyang Xiadan showed maturity beyond his age.
She weighed the pros and cons and ultimately chose to follow her dream.
This decision can be called a turning point in her life, it is simply a "stroke of magic"!
After entering university, Ouyang Xiadan still maintained a rigorous learning attitude.
Her efforts were not in vain. Not only did she get the only chance to be a graduate student in the department, she also attracted the attention of Shanghai Satellite TV.
Faced with these two tempting choices, Ouyang Xiadan once again showed her decisiveness.
She chose Shanghai Satellite TV and started her hosting career.
This operation is simply a cheat for my life!
From Shanghai Satellite TV to CCTV, Ouyang Xiadan has taken every step steadily.
She has grown from a "rookie" to a "national face". Perhaps only she knows the hard work behind this.
Waking up at 4 a.m. every day to prepare for the morning news is the ultimate test for the liver!
Imagine that while we are still sleeping, Ouyang Xiadan has already started his day's work.
This kind of hard work is really admirable.
Ouyang Xiadan's success is not only her personal victory, but also an inspiration to all those who work hard.
Her story tells us that as long as we persist in our dreams and work hard, nothing is impossible.
Looking at Ouyang Xiadan's struggle history, it really makes people excited!
She is like an eagle flying against the wind, able to soar into the sky no matter how much resistance she encounters.
This spirit is simply the "chicken blood" of contemporary young people!
When it comes to the balance between work and family, Ouyang Xiadan is simply a textbook case.
This CCTV first lady is not only a "fighter" in her career, but also a "master of balance" in her family life.
Do you still remember that interesting episode when she first started working at Shanghai Satellite TV?
Taili specially assigned her a house in the city center, which was a "dream start"!
An ordinary person might happily enjoy the life of a single aristocrat.
But what about Ouyang Xiadan? She took her mother to live with her without saying a word.
This operation is simply filial and obedient! People can't help but sigh: This is the real "treasure daughter"!
Ouyang Xiadan showed strong adaptability at work.
From Shanghai Satellite TV to CCTV, she can quickly adapt to the new environment and grow rapidly every time.
This ability is simply a must-have skill in the workplace! It can be called the best example of "workplace survival guide".
But Ouyang Xiadan's success did not make her forget her family.
Throughout her 28-year career, she always put her mother first.
This sense of balance is really impressive.
Some people may ask: "Will this affect career development?"
The answer is: not really! On the contrary, Ouyang Xiadan's family values make her more stable and mature at work.
Her approachability and sense of responsibility have become important factors in her professional success.
It is simply a vivid lesson in "balancing family and career" for all working professionals!
Ouyang Xiadan tells us with practical actions that career and family are not either/or choices.
As long as you manage it carefully, you can take care of both and complement each other.
This balance is definitely worth learning for each of us!
Imagine that when Ouyang Xiadan was hosting the show glamorously in the studio, she might still be thinking about her mother at home.
This ability to cultivate both internal and external skills is simply the best portrayal of a "winner in life"!
The story of Ouyang Xiadan allows us to see a real "super woman" image.
She is not the omnipotent superwoman in the comics, but an ordinary person of flesh and blood who cares about her family.
But it is this kind of ordinaryness that makes it even more precious and touching.
She used her actions to explain what it means to be a "good wife and mother" and what it means to have a "successful career."
This balancing act is simply a vivid life lesson for contemporary young people!
Speaking of Ouyang Xiadan's "balancing technique", we can't ignore her filial piety that has persisted for 28 years!
28 years is either a long time or a short time.
But the perseverance and determination to put family first for 28 years is really awe-inspiring.
From taking care of his father at the age of 16 to taking care of his mother now, Ouyang Xiadan's filial piety has never changed.
She used her actions to explain what "love is a verb" means, and she gave everyone a vivid "filial piety lesson"!
Imagine that when we were still struggling with whether to go home to see our parents on the weekend, Ouyang Xiadan had been persisting in this matter for 28 years.
This lasting love is more moving than any grand confession.
In this fast-paced era, the only thing that can persist for 28 years is the love for family.
The story of Ouyang Xiadan is not only a touching story about filial piety, but also a life legend about persistence, growth and choice.
She spent 28 years teaching us a vivid life lesson.
To be honest, I felt a little ashamed when I saw Ouyang Xiadan's story.
Usually I always feel that I am too busy with work and have no time to spend with my parents, but Ouyang Xiadan is busier than any of us, doesn’t he still do it?
This is simply a slap in the face for us "busy young people"!
Finally, I have to say that Ouyang Xiadan's secret of "hidden" characters for 28 years is really surprising and surprising.
She tells us through her actions that no matter how successful we are, family is always the most important.
This story may make many people ask themselves: Can we be like Ouyang Xiadan?
To be honest, Ouyang Xiadan's persistence for 28 years is simply the "chicken soup" for contemporary young people!
But this bowl of "chicken soup" is not only delicious, but also extremely nutritious.
Her story allows us to see what a real "winner in life" is.
Not those glamorous appearances, but the consistent heart.
Ouyang Xiadan used her 28 years to set a new example for us.
This example tells us: Success is not only a successful career, but also staying true to one's original aspirations on the road of struggle.
After reading Ouyang Xiadan's story, I felt it was time to make a call home.
After all, no matter how busy we are, we can’t forget those people who have been supporting us from behind!
macro news
1. The Fourth Session of the 14th National People's Congress opened in the Great Hall of the People on the morning of the 5th. Xi Jinping and other party and state leaders attended the opening meeting. Premier Li Qiang of the State Council delivered a government work report to the conference. The government work report stated that the main expected development goals in 2026 are: economic growth of 4.5%-5%; the deficit rate in 2026 is planned to be around 4%, and it is planned to issue 1.3 trillion yuan of ultra-long-term special government bonds; continue to implement a moderately loose monetary policy.
2. The Fourth Session of the 14th National People's Congress will hold a press conference at 3 pm today in the Press Conference Hall of the Media Center. Director of the National Development and Reform Commission Zheng Shajie, Minister of Finance Lan Fo'an, Minister of Commerce Wang Wentao, Governor of the People's Bank of China Pan Gongsheng, and Chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission Wu Qing will answer questions from Chinese and foreign reporters on issues related to development and reform, fiscal budget, commerce, financial securities, etc.
3. At yesterday’s regular press conference of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, spokesperson Mao Ning said that China will send the Chinese government’s special envoy for the Middle East issue Zhai Jun to visit the Middle East in the near future to make active efforts to reduce tensions.
4. The central bank announced that in order to maintain sufficient liquidity in the banking system, on March 6, 2026, the People's Bank of China will carry out an 800 billion yuan buyout reverse repurchase operation with a fixed quantity, interest rate bidding, and multiple price winning bids, with a period of 3 months (91 days).
5. Israeli Transportation Minister Miri Regev announced that Israel is preparing to reopen the country’s airspace on March 8 to allow outbound flights.
6. Amir Haidari, deputy commander of Iran’s Hatam Anbia Central Command, said in an interview on the morning of the 5th local time that Iran has not really closed the Strait of Hormuz. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps stated in a statement that military and commercial ships belonging to the United States, Israel, European countries and their supporters are strictly prohibited from passing through the waters and will be attacked if discovered.
Industry news
1. The first "Ministerial Channel" concentrated interview event of the Fourth Session of the 14th National People's Congress was held on March 5. Li Lecheng, Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that "artificial intelligence + manufacturing" is a must-answer question, not a multiple-choice question. This year, "artificial intelligence + manufacturing" will be vigorously promoted. All walks of life in the manufacturing industry must embrace artificial intelligence, deeply explore high-value application scenarios, cultivate a number of high-level typical applications, and create a number of characteristic intelligent agents.
2. Chen Changsheng, a member of the "Government Work Report" drafting team and deputy director of the Research Office of the State Council, said at a briefing of the State Council Information Office on March 5 that we must make full use of the advantages of our national power grid system to further implement new infrastructure construction such as the construction of ultra-large-scale intelligent computing clusters and computing and power collaboration; we must further support the improvement of large model capabilities and computing power, multi-path and multi-route layout of embodied intelligence, world models, etc., and be more open technically and explore in many aspects.
3. After being fully open sourced, the global popularity of Step 3.5 Flash, a new generation base model of Step Star, has further increased, and the number of model calls has quickly climbed to the first place in the world on OpenClaw (a world-renowned open source project called "Crayfish" by netizens).
4. BYD has released the "Flash Charging China" strategy and plans to build flash charging stations in batches across the country. It is expected to build 20,000 flash charging stations by the end of 2026, including 18,000 "flash charging stations within stations" and 2,000 "flash charging high-speed stations."
5. Five departments including the Fujian Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology recently issued the "Fujian Provincial Electric Ship Industry Development Action Plan (2026-2028)". The plan proposes that by 2028, the annual manufacturing capacity of electric ships will reach 50. The plan also proposes to develop marine battery power technology.
6. On the 4th local time, representatives of seven companies: Microsoft, Google, OpenAI, Amazon, Meta, xAI and Oracle signed an independent power supply commitment at the White House. US President Trump said that many Americans are worried that data centers will drive up power demand, which may lead to rising electricity bills. With this document, the problem will be solved.
7. According to TrendForce’s latest mobile phone panel survey, shortages and rising prices of memory, which accounts for a very high cost of mobile phones, have impacted brands’ shipment plans for 2026 and further weakened panel shipment momentum. Global mobile phone panel shipments are estimated to be approximately 2.14 billion units in 2026, down approximately 7.3% from 2.31 billion units in 2025.
8. According to the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, a team of academicians Zhu Daoben and researcher Di Chongan from the institute, together with domestic collaborators, successfully developed a plastic thermoelectric film with an irregular multi-level porous structure. Its core performance index thermoelectric figure of merit exceeded 1.64, setting a world record for the performance of flexible thermoelectric materials in the same temperature zone, and providing key material support for the development of wearable devices, attached refrigeration, Internet of Things sensors and other technologies.
Company news
1. *ST Songfa announced that its affiliated companies signed construction contracts for four very large crude oil carriers, with a total amount of approximately US$400-600 million.
2. Jingdong Group announced that in the fourth quarter of 2025, Jingdong Group’s revenue was 352.3 billion yuan; the full-year revenue in 2025 was 1.3091 billion yuan, accelerating to double-digit growth compared with 2024.
3. Nanjing Julong announced that shareholder Jiangsu Soho Fashion Group plans to reduce its holdings by no more than 2.94% of its shares.
4. Jingpin Special Decoration announced that shareholders are planning to reduce their holdings by no more than 3.00% of their shares.
5. Zhenghong Technology announced that pig sales revenue in February decreased by 65.34% month-on-month.
6. Jufei Optoelectronics announced that the company’s MicroLED technology has not been used in the CPO field, nor has it generated revenue from CPO.
7. Hongsheng Huayuan announced that its subsidiary has won the bid for the China Southern Power Grid project worth 975 million yuan.
8. Daikin Heavy Industry announced that its net profit in 2025 will be 1.103 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 132.82%, and it is planned to pay 0.87 yuan per 10 units.
9. Shanjin International announced that its net profit in 2025 will be 2.972 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 36.75%, and it is planned to be 4.8 yuan per 10 pieces.
global market
The three major U.S. stock indexes collectively closed lower, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average falling 1.61%, the S&P 500 Index falling 0.57%, and the Nasdaq Composite Index falling 0.26%. U.S. cybersecurity stocks strengthened, with Okta up 11%, CrowdStrike up more than 4%, and Datadog up more than 3%. Major European stock indexes closed down collectively, with Germany's DAX30 index falling 1.72%.
COMEX gold futures fell 0.85% to US$5,090.9 per ounce; COMEX silver futures fell 1% to US$82.355 per ounce.
The settlement price of international crude oil futures closed sharply higher. WTI crude oil futures April contract closed up 8.51%, Brent crude oil futures May contract rose 4.93%.
CME Group lowered the initial margin for its COMEX 100 gold futures from 9% to 7% and the initial margin for its COMEX 5000 silver futures from 18% to 14%.
U.S. President Trump has nominated U.S. Senator Markwayne Mullin to replace Kristi Noem as U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security.
OpenAI releases GPT-5.4 and GPT-5.4 Pro models, supporting context windows of up to 1 million tokens.
Investment opportunity reference
1. Deepen and expand "artificial intelligence +", and my country's AI development has entered a new stage of comprehensively empowering the economy and society.
When introducing the government's work tasks in 2026, the government work report proposed to deepen and expand "artificial intelligence +", promote the accelerated promotion of new generation intelligent terminals and intelligent agents, promote the commercial and large-scale application of artificial intelligence in key industries, and cultivate new intelligent native new business formats and new models. Support the construction of artificial intelligence open source communities and promote the prosperity of the open source ecosystem.
Previously, the "Opinions on the Deep Implementation of the "Artificial Intelligence +" Action" issued by the State Council pointed out that by 2027, we will take the lead in realizing extensive and deep integration of artificial intelligence with six major key areas, the penetration rate of new generation intelligent terminals, intelligent agents and other applications will exceed 70%, the scale of core industries of the intelligent economy will grow rapidly, the role of artificial intelligence in public governance will be significantly enhanced, and the open cooperation system for artificial intelligence will continue to improve. The agency pointed out that with the official release of the State Council's "Opinions on Deeply Implementing the "Artificial Intelligence +" Action", China is entering a critical period of transition from "Internet +" to "Artificial Intelligence +", which means that my country's AI development has entered a new stage of comprehensively empowering the economy and society from the technological exploration stage.
2. 6G Robot” unveiled, expected to be commercialized in 2029
According to media reports, Zhiyuan Robot and China Telecom publicly demonstrated the joint innovation results of "6G+quadruped robot" for the first time. Relying on the synaesthesia integration and ubiquitous connection capabilities of the 6G network, the activity radius of the intelligent robot will expand from the ground to underground, no-man's land and other extremely complex environments. Qiu Heng, COO of Zhiyuan Kutuo, said that 6G+ Zhiyuan series quadruped robots are expected to catch up with the first wave of commercialization in 2029 or 2030. By then, not only will the intelligence of the robots have greatly improved, but the price will also drop a lot.
Aijian Securities stated that many humanoid robot complete machine manufacturers have increased capital expenditures and promoted the pace of mass production. At the same time, other intelligent terminal manufacturers are focusing on laying out the humanoid robot track. Industry competition entities have expanded, and the competition intensity on the complete machine side has increased. Industry profits may be more concentrated in links with scale and technical barriers. At the same time, relevant supply chain companies are accelerating the layout of production capacity overseas and strengthening large-scale manufacturing capabilities. It is recommended to pay attention to the supply chain companies of leading complete machine manufacturers with a relatively clear mass production rhythm and high order certainty.
(Financial Associated Press)
Liang Yi is a lecturer at Hebei University-UCLan School of Communication and Creativity, a PhD in Communication, and a member of the North American Media Environment Society.
Tang Yuanqing is a professor and doctoral supervisor at Communication University of China, and a distinguished professor at the School of Journalism, Communication and Film and Television of Hainan Normal University.
This article is the research result of the Hainan Provincial Ideology and Public Opinion Research Base's project "Innovative Research on Ideological Work in the New Era".
Dr. Eric McLuhan (hereinafter referred to as "Eric"), a Canadian media environmentalist and director of the Harris School of Art in Toronto, unfortunately passed away on May 18, 2018. Eric is an internationally renowned and award-winning communication scholar who has taught at many universities in the United States, Canada and other countries. The Media Ecology Association (MEA) of North America pointed out in a letter announcing Eric's death that Eric had more than 40 years of teaching experience in a wide range of subject areas such as literature, perception, high-speed reading skills, communication theory, media, culture, Egyptology, and the nature and structure of the Renaissance.
As we all know, Eric is the son of the famous communication scientist Marshall McLuhan (hereinafter referred to as "Marshall"). Eric's academic background is similar to that of his father Marshall. He received a bachelor's degree in communication from Wisconsin in 1972 and a master's degree and doctorate in English literature from the University of Dallas in 1980 and 1982 respectively. His academic research is often associated with his father, perhaps because his father is too dazzling, perhaps because his academic research is based on his father's knowledge, and he does not receive the academic respect he deserves. But in fact, he is recognized as a media environment scientist with great achievements in today's media environment academic circle.
When discussing the Renaissance,
Propose issues that media environmental studies should pay attention to in the future
Since 1964, Eric's research and reflections have been published in the form of books, magazines and journal articles. In addition to papers, he has also published books on media, perception and literature, including three seminal books (co-authored with his father): "The Laws of Media: The New Science", "Communication Theory" and "Media and Determinative Causes". In media studies, Eric discussed the issues that media environmental studies should pay attention to in the future in conjunction with the Renaissance.
Eric said that the "Renaissance" first appeared in English in 1845, and the invention of the telegraph appeared at the same time as the "Renaissance". The Renaissance triggered by telegraph technology still exists today. Currently, the West and the world are still in the grip of the largest Renaissance in human history. The development of media technology has triggered large-scale environmental changes. Evidence of the contemporary Renaissance can be seen everywhere. Every imaginable corner of our culture, art and science is currently involved in the fermentation process of continuous discovery and rediscovery. Today's life is irrational and ever-changing. The existence and popularity of electronic media has made this ferment invisible. Since the mid-19th century, the process of birth and development of new cultures and the alternation of different cultures has not stopped, and the Renaissance triggered by electronic media has shown no signs of weakening. On the contrary, it has shown various signs of acceleration. This acceleration is related to media technology. An important phenomenon in the transformation of Western culture today is the revival of tribal experience among large audiences. Tribal experience is the development of media technology, which is brought about by electronic media. Internet technology allows audiences to transcend time and space, be online at the same time and participate in various network activities, bringing tribal experience to the audience. The large-scale disappearance of public reading is a side effect of print media, but the simultaneity and participation of electronic media have given birth to large-scale audiences.
In short, the Renaissance triggered by telegraph technology still surrounds us. The Renaissance that affected us in the 20th and 21st centuries is so important and invisible; and the environmental changes affected by such large-scale media technology should become the object of media environmental studies. This is what Eric pointed out that current media environmental studies should focus on. Eric also said that environmental science is the study of all natural environments and the different substances we put into the land, air and water. Media environmentalists try to understand issues including local and global pollution. He then quoted his father's famous assertion: Just like air and water, the media created by humans are also environments, and different technologies wear different coats. Marshall believed that new or old media should be understood within their context. Regarding this point, many media environment scholars implicitly or explicitly have the same idea, that is, the media is the environment, the media shapes the new environment, and the media is an extension of the world. Therefore, to understand media is to understand and study the impact and shaping of media on a world that is still in the midst of a Renaissance.
2. Study media technology in connection with “determination of cause and effect”.
Will lead to the end of “straw man arguments”
In Street's view, Eric was an important academic contributor to media environment studies, and perhaps his most important academic achievement was his development of Aristotle's view of deterministic causation as a means of understanding the effects of human communication, creative expression, and technological innovation. After his father's death, Eric co-authored "Media and Determining Causes", which was published in which he established a new way of understanding human activity and creation, a way that was more meaningful than trying to embed these phenomena into simple causal relationships. This will ultimately lead to the end of the “straw man argument” of technological determinism.
So, why is Eric’s research connected with Aristotle’s view of decision-making and causation and leading to the end of the “straw man argument”? There are two main reasons:
1. Eric’s analysis shows that Marshall’s goal has always been to explore, record and explain the operation and creative process of determining causes in literary and cultural works. He has no special interest in other causes such as effective causes.
Media environmental studies study the determining reasons for the impact of media on people and society, not the only and all reasons. Regarding things and causes, Aristotle proposed the famous "four causes": material, final, formal and efficient. Aristotle himself often used the creation of works of art as an example to illustrate four different causes. In the Metaphysics, Aristotle frequently discusses cause and effect. But Aristotle's "Determining Causes" are considered the least explained and least understood, Eric said. Determining causes remain a mystery and have long been thought of as plans or blueprints. People often don't want to know the reasons for anything. People don't want to know why radio made Hitler and Gandhi resemble each other, or what the printing press did. As users of the medium, they simply want to participate. Determining cause remains a great mystery in this age: the educated mind finds it too contradictory and irrational. Students of communication will discover that over the past 500 years, Western science has systematically excluded the study of cause and effect through a simple process of fragmentation and quantification.
According to Eric, Marshall's book "The Laws of Media" co-authored with him also focuses on this area of determining causation. Their Four Laws, which brought Aristotle up to date, analyzed the mode of action of the subject's forces and provided an analysis of the determinants (of media evolution) for the first time ever. Marshall's statement that "the medium is an invisible, ever-present whirlwind of service or damage" means that the medium affects human beings as the determining cause. In other words, Marshall and his views only reveal that technology has an impact on human beings because technology itself is the determining cause, but it does not mean that technology is the only cause and all causes, and there are other causes. Moreover, Marshall had no particular interest in other causes.
The interesting, understandable, yet difficult thing to understand about Eric and determining causes is that Eric was both combined with Aristotle (incorporating his theory of the four causes) and rebelling against Aristotle (and placing determining causes outside of logic). Eric points out that determining causes are outsiders of dialectics, arising from the most fundamental and profound places of grammar and rhetoric. When analyzing Eric's scholarship, Straight said that the decisive reason is a rebellion against logic. What Eric provides us is a non-Aristotelian Aristotle.
2. The recognition and criticism of Marshall and other media environment scholars as technological determinists is to first distort the views of Marshall and others, misrepresent Marshall and others as technological determinists, and then attack this distorted view.
In the preface to his book Media and Deterministic Causes, Strait states that Marshall and other media environment scholars have been criticized as technological determinists. In fact, technological determinism is a vocabulary added to media environment scholars without due consideration. Language such as "cause-result" is easily mixed in and applied due to habits and routine activities. So we should put an end to arguments like this shorthand “stirrups caused feudalism”. "Determining causes" are sudden and emergent, and are the causal relationships that media environment scholars think of when considering the impact of technological changes on individuals and society. Eric linked media technology with Aristotle's "determining cause" analysis, thereby pointing out that Marshall's analysis of the impact of technology on humans and society is a "determining cause" analysis, rather than an analysis of "all causes" that lead to results. “Determining causes” should not be summed up simply and dogmatically by the shorthand “cause-effect” to mean that technology is the sole and all cause of its impact on people and society.
In short, a "straw man argument" is when someone wants to prove that one point or argument is better than an opposing argument by first distorting the other person's point of view and then attacking the distorted point. Then, the criticism of the "distorted" view is naturally untenable. By linking Aristotle’s causes of decision-making, Eric explains that the views of media environment scholars are not simply arbitrary technological determinism, thus leading to the end of the “straw man debate”.
Eric's thinking on the causes of contact determination is not only a combination of Aristotle's determination of causality that keeps pace with the times in the media technology environment, but also a breakthrough in Marshall's academic research and even media environment research. This kind of research is also new to the major representative scholars of media environment during the period when his academic views were published (2005). “Like father, like son,” and as we read those fascinating, encyclopedic articles, we discover that “determining why” isn’t what you think, but it’s crucial to how you think.
3. Actively participate in society affairs,
Calling on media environment scholars to take immediate action
On September 4, 1998, the Media Environment Association (MEA) was established in the United States. Eric is an influential media environmental scientist in the world. Although he has not served as the president or vice president of MEA, as an ordinary member of MEA, he actively participates in the affairs of the society. As a public intellectual, he actively participates in society activities. He is an important speaker at several MEA annual conferences and a member of the editorial board of the MEA journal "Explorations in Media Environment".
Eric always has academic exchanges and harmonious interactions with many scholars in the field of media environment through conferences organized by the Society of Media Environment, journals and other platforms, making positive comments on their research and praising the significance of scholars' work. For example, he believes that Thomas Farrell's work "Walter Ong's Contribution to Cultural Studies: Phenomenology and the Communication of the World I and You" is a (attitude) humble book. Farrell has provided valuable services to the academic field of culture and communication. Readers can have a good sense of Ong's overall range of insights by reading it. As he said, scholars have already conducted a lot of useful research, and I will give just a few examples: Murray Schafer's "The Tuning of the World" takes the training of musicians and composers away from the concert hall and towards the larger environment; Jane Jacobs (such as 1961, 1969, 1984) studied the dynamics of cities from the perspective of the media environment; the works of Innis and Eric Havelock are indispensable, and they opened up necessary research paths.
Also based on MEA, the world's first academic community platform for media environment studies, Eric published an article specifically discussing media environment studies, pointing out three actions that media environmentalists need to take immediately:
One is to learn everything from art by training our perception, critical awareness, and studying how the art of each culture makes a system of responses suitable for exploring cultural and perceptual changes (like the remote warning lines of a radar station or a seismometer).
The second is to organize projects to study the effects, especially side effects, of all new and old technologies and their media environments in all different cultures and societies. There is a need to document how different media respond to different cultures, and to learn to predict the possible effects of new media.
The third is to design and implement controlled (purpose) research so that new media that are harmless to a certain culture will not affect the happiness of another culture, so that another culture may not discover its harm and toxicity.
On the basis of specifying three things that media environment scholars should take immediate action, Eric passionately issued a call to scholars, calling on media environment scholars to face the future. He (2006) said: "If you are really a media environment scholar, these (three actions) are your future and should also be your present."
The four academic lives are unique and bring inspiration to researchers.
Eric's academic life has unique characteristics. First of all, Eric has extensive knowledge, pioneers and innovations based on the research of other scholars, and has his own research results. However, his academic life is closely related to and inseparable from his father's academic life. Without Marshall's achievements and reputation in the field of communication, Eric would not have achieved world-wide attention. From this perspective, it is probably his father Marshall who made Eric's academic career possible. Secondly, Eric's academic status was special. He was a famous "lecturer" and did not receive an academic position like "professor" until his death. From this perspective, it may be his father Marshall who influenced his promotion in terms of professional status. Eric’s academic achievements and experiences can bring the following enlightenment to scholars:
1. Innovative ideas and unique academic achievements are the lifeblood of a scholar’s academic life.
This is especially important for the academic successors of famous teachers, because while the outstanding achievements of teachers bring positive influence to future generations, they may also obscure the academic achievements of future generations and affect the objectivity of the world's evaluation of their academic achievements. Although Eric has a PhD, he does not have an academic appointment; he is not a professor. It is not difficult to see from the previous discussion that Eric has his own creative academic achievements. If he were not Marshall's son, he might be promoted to professor smoothly. People tend to only notice his father's brilliance and achievements, and only regard his research as a continuation and promotion of his father's ideas. It seems that without Marshall, Eric's academic research is not worth studying and has nothing to talk about.
However, this attitude may be reckless, and this may not be the case. For example, in the book "Medium and Determining Causes", the first three chapters are the work of Marshall except for the second chapter, which contains the cooperation between Marshall and Barrington Novitt, while the fourth chapter is the independent work of Eric. Moreover, this chapter is regarded by Street as a major breakthrough in the study of his father and media environment.
2. In the academic research of media environment and communication studies, the scope of research scholars must be broadened and the research on the academic content of scholars must be deepened. Otherwise, the opportunity of “academic mining” may be missed.
The translation, evaluation, absorption, and reflection of Western research work in domestic academic circles are currently developing, and the recognition and attention of scholars of the media environment school are gradually increasing. However, there are still differences and biases in foreign and domestic perceptions of the relationship between media environment scholars and technological determinism. Through the above research, it can be seen that the debate on this issue should be ended by Eric's achievements.
Eric's academic achievements are related to his father Marshall and other scholars such as Aristotle. It can be seen from his works that he studied a wide range of scholars, which is one of the reasons for his academic achievements. What we need to reflect on is that in the process of communication research, the scope of research scholars should be broad and the content should be deep, so as to facilitate full research from multiple angles and help researchers achieve achievements.
As far as media environment research is concerned, the research on foreign media environment scholars needs to be further broadened in scope and deepened in content to promote the common prosperity and development of the three major schools of communication in my country. In the West, currently active media environment scholars include Street, Levinson, Lin Wengang and some Canadian scholars. Although there has been an upsurge in studying Marshall in China, overall, there are only a handful of domestic scholars studying media environment. Compared with the media environment research scene abroad, the domestic research situation can be described as lonely.
In short, no matter how fierce the controversy over McLuhan and his son is in academic circles at home and abroad, it is undeniable that they are the flagships of media environmental studies. On the basis of continuing the academic research inherited from his father, Eric has also made his own original academic contributions. It is necessary for the academic community to pay more attention, research and reference to his academic achievements.
This article is an abbreviated version, with references omitted. The original text was published in the 2019 Issue 10 of "International Press".
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