How to choose the 2026 Henan higher vocational college entrance examination (spring college entrance examination)? The admission scores below refer to the 2025 Henan higher vocational college entrance examination (spring college entrance examination) admission scores.
1. Henan Vocational and Technical College
428-462 points for physics, 425-458 points for history; 245-265 points for individual admission examination (255+ for electromechanical and automotive subjects);
It is a high-level school construction unit under the national “Double High Plan” and one of the public higher vocational schools with the strongest comprehensive strength in Henan Province. Mechatronics technology and automobile inspection and maintenance technology are national-level backbone majors. The training base is aligned with Germany’s “dual system” and the industrial college is jointly built with Yutong Bus and Foxconn. Graduates have widely entered the front lines of high-end manufacturing and smart equipment, with starting salaries exceeding 4,500 yuan. Some outstanding students have signed contracts with leading companies such as BYD and CATL. Driven by the strategies of "Manufacturing Power" and "Henan Intelligent Manufacturing", the gap in advanced manufacturing talents continues to expand, and the school is accelerating its leap to the highland of "new engineering" integrated technical talent training.
2. Yellow River Water Conservancy Vocational and Technical College
435-470 points for physics, 430-465 points for history; 250-270 points for individual admission examination (260+ for water conservancy engineering);
The "ceiling" of national water conservancy higher vocational schools, a Grade A construction unit of the "Double High Plan", a university jointly built by the Ministry of Water Resources and Henan Province. Water conservancy engineering and surveying and mapping geographic information technology rank among the top three in the country, and it participates in national-level projects such as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the Yellow River Ecological Corridor. The supply of graduates exceeds demand, and more than 80% of them have entered Power Construction Corporation of China, China Communications Construction, provincial water conservancy departments and survey institutes, with starting salaries higher than the provincial average for undergraduates. With the acceleration of national water network construction and the rise of smart water conservancy, comprehensive water conservancy technical talents have become the core supporting force of "new infrastructure", and the industry's voice is increasing day by day.
3. Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College
Physics is 432-468 points, history is 428-460 points; individual admission test is 248-268 points (railway is 260+);
"Double High Plan" high-level professional group construction unit, the cradle of Central Plains rail transit talents. The operation and maintenance of railway locomotives and high-speed railway construction and maintenance are national key majors. In-depth collaboration with China Railway Zhengzhou Bureau and Zhengzhou Metro has achieved an "order shift" coverage rate of 70%. Graduates enjoy the benefits of state-owned enterprises upon joining, with a starting salary of 5,000+, and the employment rate has exceeded 98% for ten consecutive years. In the context of the "transportation power" and the end of the "M-shaped high-speed rail network", the demand for operation and maintenance of intercity railways and urban express rails has surged, and the school has become the main channel for talent transportation in the rail system in the central region.
4. Pingdingshan Industrial Vocational and Technical College
415-445 points for physics, 410-440 points for history; 230-250 points for individual admission examination (240+ for intelligent coal mining);
The construction unit of the "Double High Plan" is a university directly under the former Ministry of Coal Industry and has a profound foundation in engineering. The intelligent mining technology and electromechanical integration of coal mines are the industry's trump cards. Practical mine training is rare in the country. It has jointly built a modern industrial college with Pingmei Shenma and China Energy Group. Most graduates enter large energy state-owned enterprises, where the starting salary is stable at more than 4,800 yuan, and some positions enjoy underground subsidies. Despite the transformation of traditional coal, "intelligent mines" and "green mining" have spawned new types of work. The school has upgraded from "black gold" to "smart mining", and talent suitability continues to improve.
5. Henan Industrial Vocational and Technical College
420-455 points for physics, 415-450 points for history; 235-255 points for individual admission examination (250+ for military manufacturing);
"Double High Plan" colleges and universities have distinctive military-industrial characteristics and are affiliated to the Henan Provincial Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense. Mechanical manufacturing, automation, and numerical control technology are national-level high-quality majors. It undertakes a number of military product supporting research and development tasks, and the training equipment reaches military-level standards. Graduates are favored by central enterprises such as China Ordnance and Aerospace Science and Technology, and some enter confidential positions with high starting salaries and strong stability. Under the strategies of "military-civilian integration" and "independence and controllability", high-end equipment manufacturing talents have become a key link in the national security industry chain, and the school's status has become increasingly prominent.
6. Xuchang Vocational and Technical College
418-450 points for physics, 412-445 points for history; 232-252 points for individual admission examination (245+ for electrical automation);
The construction unit of the "Double High Plan" and the core talent base of Xuchang's "Intelligent Manufacturing Capital". Electrical automation technology and industrial robot technology are connected with leading companies such as Xuji Electric and Senyuan Electric to jointly build an "Intelligent Manufacturing Industry and Education Park". Most graduates enter the field of intelligent power distribution and new energy equipment, with a starting salary of 4,500+ and a retention rate of over 60%. As Xuchang builds a 100-billion-level power equipment cluster, the school has shifted from "skills output" to "technological co-creation", and regional service levels have continued to rise.
7. Henan Agricultural Vocational College
405-435 points for physics, 400-430 points for history; 220-240 points for single admission examination (235+ for animal husbandry and veterinary medicine);
A benchmark in agriculture and forestry under the "Double High Plan" and the main force in promoting agricultural technology in Henan Province. Animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, and food intelligent processing technology are national backbone majors. It has 10,000 pig farms and 1,000 acres of training farms, and has in-depth cooperation with Muyuan Co., Ltd. and Shuanghui Development. The supply of graduates exceeds demand. The starting salary of Muyuan's "management trainees" reaches 6,000 yuan, and the entrepreneurship rate ranks first among higher vocational colleges in the province. Under the dual strategies of food security and rural revitalization, modern agriculture and animal husbandry have moved from "local style" to "scientific and technological style", and the school has become a highland for the incubation of new agricultural science talents.
8. Luohe Medical College
425-460 points for physics, 420-455 points for history; 240-260 points for individual admission examination (250+ for nursing and clinical medicine);
One of the “Two Heroes” of medical higher vocational colleges in Henan Province, its affiliated hospital is a tertiary general hospital. Nursing, pharmacy, and clinical medicine majors are leading in the province. The training center simulates the scene of a top-level hospital, and the pass rate for graduates' professional qualifications exceeds 90%. Employment is found in hospitals at or above the county level across the province, and some enter top institutions such as the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, with a starting salary of 4,000-5,000 yuan. In the face of the expansion of primary medical care and the promotion of "Healthy China", there is a long-term gap in medical and nursing talents. The graduates of this school have a significant advantage of being "ready to work".
9. Shangqiu Medical College
420-455 points for physics, 415-450 points for history; 238-258 points for individual admission examination (nursing 250+);
It is an important training center for medical and nursing talents in eastern Henan, and its nursing major is a provincial brand. Promote the "early clinical, multi-clinical" model and jointly build teaching hospitals with Shangqiu First People's Hospital and others. Graduates are known for their solid operational abilities and have a high recruitment rate in primary medical institutions, with an employment rate of over 97% year-round. Against the background of accelerating the construction of county-level medical communities, specialist-level medical and nursing talents have become the "ballast" of primary-level medical care, and career development channels are becoming increasingly smooth.
10. Zhengzhou Electric Power College
440-475 points for physics, 435-470 points for history; 255-275 points for individual admission examination (265+ for electrical);
A “direct affiliated” institution of the State Grid Corporation of China, a trump card for employment in the power system. Power plants and power systems, and power supply and consumption technology are national key majors. Nearly half of the graduates have entered the State Grid, China Southern Power Grid and the five major power generation groups. They enjoy the benefits of central enterprises upon joining, with a starting salary of 5,500+, and high settlement allowances in some remote areas. Driven by the "double carbon" goal, the construction of new power systems has spawned a large number of smart grid and energy storage operation and maintenance positions. As the industry's "Whampoa Military Academy", the school's status is unshakable.
11. Henan Communications Vocational and Technical College
410-445 points for physics, 405-440 points for history; 225-245 points for individual admission examination (240+ for roads and bridges);
Directly under the Henan Provincial Department of Transportation, it is a pilot unit of "Transportation Power". Road and bridge engineering technology and intelligent connected vehicle technology are the dominant majors. It has the largest highway training ground in the province and has built an order class with Henan Communications Investment and Yutong Bus. Most graduates enter highway and municipal engineering units, with a starting salary of 4,200+, and project-based income flexibility. With the end of “county-county highways” and the rise of smart transportation, the demand for comprehensive transportation technical talents continues to be strong.
12. Henan Vocational College of Economics and Trade
400-430 points for physics, 410-445 points for history; 220-240 points for individual admissions exam (235+ for accounting and e-commerce);
A school under the "Double High Plan" in finance and economics, leading the province in business strength. Big data, accounting, and e-commerce are national-level backbone majors. The live broadcast e-commerce training base has advanced equipment and has in-depth cooperation with JD.com and Alibaba Local Life. Graduates widely enter finance and taxation companies and e-commerce platforms, with starting salaries of 3,800-4,500 yuan, and there is a strong entrepreneurial atmosphere. In the wave of digital economy and county business system construction, digital business talents have become a "rigorous need" for small, medium and micro enterprises. The school has a wide range of employment and strong adaptability.
13. Henan Vocational and Technical College of Architecture
405-440 points for physics, 400-435 points for history; 225-245 points for individual admission examination (240+ for construction engineering technology);
Directly under the Henan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, it is a higher vocational college with the most comprehensive range of construction majors. The construction engineering technology and project cost are provincial-level brands, and the BIM training center is connected with leading enterprises such as China Construction Seventh Engineering Bureau and Henan Construction Engineering. Most graduates enter construction, supervision, and cost consulting companies, with a starting salary of 4,000+ and a high passing rate. Despite real estate adjustments, urban renewal, affordable housing construction, and prefabricated buildings have brought new opportunities, and the city is transforming towards "green construction" and "smart construction."
14. Zhengzhou Tourism Vocational College
390-420 points for physics, 400-435 points for history; 210-230 points for individual admission examination (hotel management 225+);
The cradle of cultural tourism talents in the Central Plains and a demonstration base for school-enterprise cooperation of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The hotel management and digital operation and tourism management majors are outstanding, and the internship base covers international hotel groups such as Marriott and InterContinental, as well as 5A scenic spots such as Shaolin Temple and Yuntai Mountain. The starting salary for graduates is 3,500-4,000 yuan, and management promotions are quick, and some of them go to overseas for internship and employment. In the context of the outbreak of "culture and tourism integration" and the "night economy", high-end service talents have changed from "optional" to "must have", and the professional image continues to improve.
15. Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College
415-450 points for physics, 410-445 points for history; 230-250 points for individual admission examination (mechanical design 245+);
A pioneer in the reform of the "line field model" and well-known throughout the country for cultivating practical capabilities. Mechanical design and manufacturing and electronic information engineering technology are the dominant majors. Classes are moved into the workshops of Foxconn and Gree to achieve "joining the job immediately after admission". Graduates have strong practical skills and are very popular among manufacturing companies. The starting salary is 4,300+. In the context of deepening "integration of industry and education", the school's "school-in-factory" model has become a new paradigm of vocational education, and its talent adaptability continues to lead the way.
16. Zhengzhou Vocational and Technical College
400-435 points for physics, 395-430 points for history; 220-240 points for individual admission examination (mechatronics 235+);
Zhengzhou City is a public backbone higher vocational school with a solid engineering foundation. It has a good reputation for mechatronics and automotive technical services, advanced training equipment, and close cooperation with SAIC and Haima Automobile. Most graduates stay in Zhengzhou for employment, with a starting salary of around 4,000 and good stability. Relying on Zhengzhou's positioning as a national central city, the expansion of advanced manufacturing clusters provides the school with a broad employment hinterland.
17. Henan Vocational College of Applied Technology
395-430 points for physics, 390-425 points for history; 215-235 points for individual admission examination (230+ for applied chemical engineering);
It has distinctive chemical and pharmaceutical characteristics and was originally affiliated to the Henan Provincial Department of Chemical Industry. Applied chemical technology and pharmacy are provincial priorities, and the practical training workshop meets GMP standards. It has jointly built an industrial college with Antu Biotech and New Kaiyuan Pharmaceutical. Most graduates enter pharmaceutical intermediates and fine chemical companies, with starting salaries of 4,000+ and clear growth paths for technical positions. Against the background of the rise of biomedicine and new materials, the school has made a leap from "traditional chemical engineering" to "high-end synthesis".
18. Jiaozuo Normal College
385-415 points for physics, 400-435 points for history; 210-230 points for individual admission examination (primary education 225+);
An important town for normal education in northwest Henan, preschool education and primary education are provincial-level brands. Promoting "universal training", the graduate teacher qualification certificate acquisition rate exceeds 95%, and the recruitment rate of grassroots schools is high. The starting salary is 3,000-3,500 yuan, but there are many employment opportunities and a stable career. Driven by the "Education for Young Children" and the "Rural Teacher Support Plan", high-quality normal college students have become the "new force" of county education.
19. Zhengzhou Preschool Teachers College
Physics 380-410 points, history 395-430 points; single-entrance examination 205-225 points (preschool education 220+);
Henan Province's preschool education "Huangpu Military Academy" pays equal attention to artistic literacy and childcare capabilities. The preschool education major is top-notch in the province, with graduates found in provincial and municipal demonstration parks, and some entering high-end international parks, with a starting salary of 3,500+. With the improvement of the three-child policy and the childcare system, educational talents aged 0-6 have moved from "auxiliary" to "professional", and the revaluation of professional values is underway.
20. Henan University of Finance and Economics (College Department)
410-445 points for physics, 420-455 points for history; 230-250 points for individual admission examination (accounting and finance 245+);
Although it is an undergraduate institution, it has a large enrollment scale for junior college students and has abundant financial resources. Accounting, financial services and management majors share undergraduate teachers, with a high passing rate and employment opportunities in banks, insurance, and finance and taxation companies. The starting salary is 4,000+, and some people enter the teller position of state-owned banks. With the popularization of inclusive finance and digital finance and taxation, there is a steady demand for grassroots financial service positions, and the school's junior college students have outstanding value for money.
21. Henan Vocational College of Information Statistics
370-400 points for physics, 380-415 points for history; 200-220 points for individual admission examination (statistics and accounting 215+);
It is the only higher vocational school in the country named after "Information Statistics" and has distinctive industry characteristics. Statistics and accounting, and big data technology are the dominant majors, and they are connected to the Bureau of Statistics and the survey team system. The requirements for the college entrance examination are relaxed and suitable for candidates who prefer liberal arts. Most graduates enter data collection and market research companies, with a starting salary of around 3,500. Under the national strategy of “data elementization”, the demand for grassroots data processing talents has quietly increased.
22. Henan Forestry Vocational College
375-405 points for physics, 385-420 points for history; 205-225 points for individual admission examination (220+ for garden technology);
Directly under the Henan Provincial Forestry Bureau, it is a talent base for ecological construction. Gardening technology and forestry technology are provincial priorities. It has a thousand-acre experimental forest farm and graduates participate in land greening and ecological restoration projects. The starting salary is 3,500-4,000 yuan, and some are admitted to forestry stations and park management offices. Under the "double carbon" goal and the construction of Beautiful China, new directions such as ecological restoration and carbon sink measurement have opened up new career space.
23. Henan Vocational College of Water Conservancy and Environment
380-410 points for physics, 385-420 points for history; 210-230 points for individual admission examination (225+ for environmental engineering technology);
A school integrating water conservancy and environmental protection, connecting with the ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin. Environmental engineering technology, soil and water conservation and water environment management are the dominant majors, and graduates enter environmental protection companies and water conservancy grassroots units. Starting salary is 3800+, and project experience can be accumulated quickly. With the normalization of environmental protection inspections and the promotion of the EOD model, the environmental technology service market has rapidly expanded, and the school has ushered in a period of development opportunities.
24. Zhengzhou Vocational College of Finance, Taxation and Finance
390-420 points for physics, 400-435 points for history; 215-235 points for individual admission examination (big data and accounting 230+);
Zhengzhou City is a higher vocational school in finance and economics, and accounting and financial management majors have stable employment. With the implementation of "lessons and certificates integration", the pass rate of junior accounting exceeds 80%, and most graduates enter accounting companies and financial positions in small and micro enterprises. The starting salary is 3,500-4,000 yuan, which is suitable for candidates seeking stability. Against the background of the fourth phase of the Golden Tax and the compliance of small and medium-sized enterprises, the demand for basic financial and taxation services is rigid and the employment base is solid.
25. Zhengzhou Health Vocational College
400-435 points for physics, 395-430 points for history; 220-240 points for individual admission examination (235+ for nursing and rehabilitation);
Emerging medical higher vocational schools and affiliated hospitals are rich in resources. The training conditions for nursing and rehabilitation therapy technology are excellent, and the internship base is jointly established with Zhengzhou Central Hospital. Graduates mostly enter secondary hospitals and rehabilitation centers, with starting salaries of 3,800+. In the context of accelerated aging and the inclusion of rehabilitation medicine in medical insurance, the talent gap for rehabilitation nursing is rapidly expanding, and career prospects are bright.
26. Kaifeng University
405-440 points for physics, 400-435 points for history; 225-245 points for individual admission examination (machinery, culture and tourism 240+);
A well-established comprehensive public higher vocational school with a balanced professional layout. It has accumulated experience in machinery manufacturing, construction engineering, and tourism management. It is located in the ancient capital and has regional advantages in integrating culture and tourism. Graduates who stay in Bian or find employment in Zhengzhou can expect a starting salary of 3,800-4,200 yuan. Relying on the cultural IP of Kaifeng Song Dynasty and the recovery of cultural tourism, the school has created a new label for "culture + technology" compound talents.
27. Sanmenxia Vocational and Technical College
385-415 points for physics, 380-410 points for history; 205-225 points for individual admission examination (mechanical and electrical, 220+ for electricity);
The main force in engineering in western Henan is guaranteed employment in power systems and construction projects. It cooperates closely with Datang Power Plant and local construction companies, and many graduates enter the front line of energy and infrastructure construction. The starting salary is around 4,000, which is suitable for candidates with average scores and seeking stable employment. Against the background of industrial relocation in the western region and county infrastructure construction to make up for shortcomings, local employment support is strong.
28. Luohe Vocational and Technical College
380-410 points for physics, 375-405 points for history; 200-220 points for individual admission examination (215+ for logistics and Internet of Things);
Comprehensive public offices, logistics management and Internet of Things application technology are emerging advantages. Relying on the Luohe Food Logistics Hub and cooperating with Shuanghui Logistics and JD Warehousing, the practical training is close to real scenarios. The starting salary is 3,500-4,000 yuan, and the employment threshold is moderate. With the upgrade of supply chain security and smart warehousing, the demand for grassroots logistics technology positions continues to be released.
29. Hebi Vocational and Technical College
375-405 points for physics, 370-400 points for history; 195-215 points for individual admission examination (nursing, electromechanical 210+);
It places equal emphasis on engineering and medical care, and the admission threshold is relatively friendly. Nursing and mechatronics are the backbone majors, and we cooperate with Hebi People's Hospital and Tianhai Group to educate people. The starting salary is 3,500+, which is suitable for candidates with low scores but seeking a public education. In the context of Hebi building an "intelligent manufacturing city", the absorption capacity of local industries has gradually increased.
Private colleges and universities (10)
30. Zhengzhou Technology and Business College (College Department)
360-390 points for physics, 370-405 points for history; 180-200 points for individual admission examination (195+ for accounting and e-commerce);
It is the largest private undergraduate college with a junior college majoring in finance and management. Accounting and e-commerce rely on undergraduate resources and have complete practical training facilities. Most graduates enter small and medium-sized commercial enterprises, with starting salaries of 3,000-3,500 yuan. Although it is privately run, it is located in Zhengzhou and has many internship opportunities. It is suitable for candidates with low scores who want to stay in the provincial capital.
31. Zhengzhou Institute of Industrial Applied Technology (College Department)
365-395 points for physics, 360-390 points for history; 185-205 points for individual admission examination (200+ for mechanical and electrical);
A private undergraduate program that specializes in engineering, and a junior college major in mechanical and electrical engineering that is highly practical. The training workshop has relatively new equipment and cooperates with local manufacturing companies to carry out order training. The starting salary is around 3,500, and your practical ability is recognized by small and medium-sized enterprises. With the expansion of "specialized, special and new" enterprises, the demand for grassroots technicians is stable.
32. Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology (College Department)
370-400 points for physics, 365-395 points for history; 190-210 points for individual admission examination (205+ for automobiles and electronics);
The specialty of science and engineering is distinctive, with automobile inspection and electronic information engineering technology being the trump cards. It has a complete vehicle training platform, and most graduates enter 4S stores and electronic assembly lines. The starting salary is 3,500-4,000 yuan, which is suitable for candidates who are interested in engineering. Although it is privately run, it has a high professional counterpart rate.
33. Zhengzhou Huanghe Nursing Vocational College
380-410 points for physics, 385-420 points for history; 200-220 points for individual admission examination (nursing and midwifery 215+);
Private higher vocational colleges focusing on medical care are highly recognized by the nursing and midwifery professions. There are complete simulation wards for practical training, and most graduates enter private hospitals and community health centers. The starting salary is 3500+, and the employment rate is acceptable. In the context of expansion of primary medical care, private medical colleges have filled part of the talent gap.
34. Zhengzhou Information Engineering Vocational College
355-385 points for physics, 350-380 points for history; 175-195 points for individual admission examination (computer and software 190+);
IT-type private higher vocational colleges feature computer applications and software technologies. The configuration of the practical training computer room is acceptable, and the courses are close to front-end development and network operation and maintenance. The starting salary is 3,000-3,500 yuan, and some students enter outsourcing companies through self-study. Suitable for candidates who are interested in programming and willing to improve themselves.
35. Songshan Shaolin Martial Arts Vocational College
340-370 points for physics, 350-385 points for history; 160-180 points for individual admission examination (175+ for martial arts and sports operations);
It is the only higher vocational school in the world that features Shaolin martial arts and is unique in the integration of culture, tourism and sports. The martial arts performance, sports health and rehabilitation majors combine Zen martial arts culture, and graduates find employment in overseas Confucius Institutes and scenic performing arts troupes. The starting salary is around 3,000, but the cultural output attribute is strong, so it is suitable for candidates with special skills.
36. Zhengzhou Medical and Health Vocational College
375-405 points for physics, 380-415 points for history; 195-215 points for individual admission examination (210+ for pharmacy and rehabilitation);
Emerging medical private higher vocational schools, pharmacy and rehabilitation treatment technologies are connected with chain pharmacies and health care institutions. The training pharmacy and rehabilitation physiotherapy room are fully equipped. The starting salary is 3,500+, and the employment is for primary medical terminals. With the expansion of the "big health" industry, job demand has grown steadily.
37. Zhengzhou E-Commerce Vocational College
350-380 points for physics, 360-395 points for history; 170-190 points for individual admission examination (185+ for e-commerce and logistics);
A private higher vocational college focusing on the digital economy, featuring e-commerce live streaming and cross-border logistics. It has built a short video shooting base and a cross-border e-commerce training room. Most graduates enter MCN institutions and e-commerce operating companies, with starting salaries of 3,000-3,500 yuan and large commissions. Keep close to the industry trends and have clear practical guidance.
38. Zhengzhou Urban Construction Vocational College
360-390 points for physics, 355-385 points for history; 180-200 points for individual admission examination (195+ for engineering cost and construction);
The emerging private sector in construction, project cost and construction engineering technology are popular. The BIM training room and measuring instrument configuration are up to standard, and most graduates enter small and medium-sized construction companies. The starting salary is around 3,500, which is suitable for candidates who want to work in construction site technical positions. Although there are no public resources, the professional counterpart is clear.
39. Xinyang Foreign Vocational and Technical College
345-375 points for physics, 350-380 points for history; 165-185 points for individual admission examination (foreign-related nursing, business English 180+);
Private higher vocational colleges featuring "employment abroad", with foreign-related nursing and international cruise attendants as their trump cards. Cooperating with Japanese and Singaporean nursing institutions, graduates have a high overseas employment rate and a monthly income equivalent to RMB 8,000+. It is suitable for candidates with average family conditions who want to go abroad with a high salary. The risks and benefits coexist.
These 39 colleges and universities either hold the reins of a great power, guard the foundation of people's livelihood and well-being, are at the forefront of the digital wave, or carry forward the cultural firepower. They are not the "second best" of higher education, but the "capillaries" and "nerve endings" that are indispensable in the era of new productivity. Choosing a higher vocational school is not only choosing a career, but also choosing a lifestyle that resonates with the times – here, skills are dignity and ingenuity is the future.
